Residents play an important role in teaching of medical undergraduate students. Despite their importance in teaching undergraduates
they are not involved in any formal training in teaching and leadership skills. We aimed to compare the teaching skills of
residents with faculty in facilitating small group Problem Based Learning (PBL) sessions. 相似文献
Low rates of fetal and infant growth are associated with the metabolic syndrome and cardiovascular disease in later life. We investigated common genetic variation in the GH-CSH gene cluster on chromosome 17q23 encoding GH, placental lactogens [chorionic somatomammotropins (CSH)], and placental GH variant in relation to fetal and infant growth and phenotypic features of the metabolic syndrome in subjects aged 59-72 yr from Hertfordshire, UK. Allele groups T, D1, and D2 of a locus herein designated CSH1.01 were examined in relation to GH-CSH single nucleotide polymorphisms and to specific phenotypes. Average birth weights were similar for all genotype groups. Men with T alleles were significantly lighter at 1 yr of age, shorter as adults, and had higher blood pressures, fasting insulin (T/T 66% higher than D2/D2) and triglyceride concentrations, and insulin and glucose concentrations during a glucose tolerance test. Birth weight and 1-yr weight associations with metabolic syndrome traits were independent of the CSH1.01 effects. Common diversity in GH-CSH correlates with low 1-yr weight and with features of the metabolic syndrome in later life. GH-CSH genotype adds substantially to, but does not account for, the associations between low body weight, at birth and in infancy, and the metabolic syndrome. 相似文献
Papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC) is the most common endocrine malignancy among other endocrine tumors, and BRAFV600E is a frequent genetic mutation occurring in the disease. Although different molecular techniques, most importantly sequencing has been widely recognized as a gold standard but molecular diagnosis remains an expensive, laborious, and time‐intensive process. Recently, immunohistochemistry (IHC) with anti‐BRAF V600E (VE1) antibody has increased practical utility and implemented clinically for the detection of BRAFV600E mutation. Therefore, the study aimed to evaluate diagnostic accuracy of VE1 IHC for detecting the BRAFV600E mutation frequency and clinical implementation in diagnostic laboratories. In this study, 72 formalin fixed paraffin‐embedded tissues (FFPE) were used to determine the BRAFV600E mutation status using IHC and Sanger sequencing. The mutation was found in 29% and 28% cases using IHC and Sanger sequencing, respectively. Furthermore, the results showed 100% sensitivity, 98.07% specificity, 95.2% positive predictive value, and 100% negative predictive value. Notably, significant associations were found between BRAFV600E status and tumor stage, tumor focality, and extrathyroidal extensions, respectively. VE1 IHC was found to be a highly sensitive, specific, and diagnostically accurate method in this cohort. Therefore, BRAFV600E detection through IHC has been considered as the best tailored technique for routine pathology laboratories. 相似文献
Nanostructured materials incorporated with biological reducing agents have shown significant potential for use in bactericidal applications. Such materials have also demonstrated considerable efficacy to counter effects of chemical toxicity. In this study, nanostructured molybdenum disulfide (MoS2) was doped with various concentrations (2.5, 5, 7.5, 10 wt%) of zirconium (Zr) using a hydrothermal route in order to assess its antimicrobial and catalytic potential. Doped and control samples were characterized with various techniques. X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis confirmed the presence of the hexagonal phase of MoS2 and identification of various functional groups and characteristic peaks (Mo bonding) was carried out using FTIR spectra. Micrographs obtained from FESEM and HR-TEM showed a sheet-like surface morphology, while agglomeration of nanosheets was observed upon doping with nanoparticles. To seek further clarity regarding the layered features of S–Mo–S planes, the defect densities and electronic band structure of pure MoS2 and doped MoS2 samples were investigated through Raman analysis. Optical properties of Zr-doped MoS2 nanosheets were assessed using a UV-vis spectrophotometer and the results indicated a red-shift, i.e., movement of peaks towards longer wavelengths, of the material. Dynamics of migration and recombination of excited electron–hole pairs were investigated using PL spectroscopy, which was also used to confirm the presence of exfoliated nanosheets. In addition, the synthetic dye degradation potential of pure and doped samples was investigated in the presence of a reducing agent (NaBH4). It was noted that doped MoS2 showed superior catalytic activity compared to undoped MoS2. The nanocatalyst synthesized in this study exhibited enhanced antibacterial activity against E. coli and S. aureus at high concentrations (0.5, 1.0 mg/50 μl). The present study suggests a cost-effective and environmentally friendly material that can be used to remove toxins such as synthetic dyes and tannery pollutants from industrial wastewater.Nanostructured materials incorporated with biological reducing agents have shown significant potential for use in bactericidal applications. 相似文献
Introduction: Tumor is a heterogeneous mass of malignant cells co-existing with non-malignant cells. This co-existence evolves from the initial developmental stages of the tumor and is one of the hallmarks of cancer providing a protumorigenic niche known as tumor microenvironment (TME). Proliferation, invasiveness, metastatic potential and maintenance of stemness through cross-talk between tumors and its stroma forms the basis of TME.
Areas covered: The article highlights the developmental phases of a tumor from dysplasia to the formation of clinically detectable tumors. The authors discuss the mechanistic stages involved in the formation of TME and its contribution in tumor outgrowth and chemoresistance. The authors have reviewed various approaches for targeting TME and its hallmarks along with their advantages and pitfalls. The authors also highlight cancer stem cells (CSCs) that are resistant to chemotherapeutics and thus a primary reason for tumor recurrence thereby, posing a challenge for the oncologists.
Expert opinion: Recent understanding of the cellular and molecular mechanisms involved in acquired chemoresistance has enabled scientists to target the tumor niche and TME and modulate and/or disrupt this communication leading to the transformation from a tumor-supportive niche environment to a tumor-non-supporting environment and give synergistic results towards an effective management of cancer. 相似文献
Coronavirus disease-19 (COVID-19) caused by SARS-CoV-2 has already killed more than one million people worldwide. Since novel coronavirus is a new virus, mining its genome sequence is of crucial importance for drug/vaccine(s) development. Whole genome sequencing is a helpful tool in identifying genetic changes that occur in a virus when it spreads through the population. In this study, we performed complete genome sequencing of SARS-CoV-2 to unveil the genomic variation and indel, if present. We discovered thirteen (13) mutations in Orf1ab, S and N gene where seven (7) of them turned out to be novel mutations from our sequenced isolate. Besides, we found one (1) insertion and seven (7) deletions from the indel analysis among the 323 Bangladeshi isolates. However, the indel did not show any effect on proteins. Our energy minimization analysis showed both stabilizing and destabilizing impact on viral proteins depending on the mutation. Interestingly, all the variants were located in the binding site of the proteins. Furthermore, drug binding analysis revealed marked difference in interacting residues in mutants when compared to the wild type. Our analysis also suggested that eleven (11) mutations could exert damaging effects on their corresponding protein structures.SARS-CoV-2 mutational impact analysis.相似文献
The emerging variants of SARS coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) have been continuously spreading all over the world and have raised global health concerns. The B.1.1.7 (United Kingdom), P.1 (Brazil), B.1.351 (South Africa) and B.1.617 (India) variants, resulting from multiple mutations in the spike glycoprotein (SGp), are resistant to neutralizing antibodies and enable increased transmission. Hence, new drugs might be of great importance against the novel variants of SARS-CoV-2. The SGp and main protease (Mpro) of SARS-CoV-2 are important targets for designing and developing antiviral compounds for new drug discovery. In this study, we selected seventeen phytochemicals and later performed molecular docking to determine the binding interactions of the compounds with the two receptors and calculated several drug-likeliness properties for each compound. Luteolin, myricetin and quercetin demonstrated higher affinity for both the proteins and interacted efficiently. To obtain compounds with better properties, we designed three analogues from these compounds and showed their greater druggable properties compared to the parent compounds. Furthermore, we found that the analogues bind to the residues of both proteins, including the recently identified novel variants of SARS-CoV-2. The binding study was further verified by molecular dynamics (MD) simulation and molecular mechanics/Poisson Boltzmann surface area (MM/PBSA) approaches by assessing the stability of the complexes. MD simulations revealed that Arg457 of SGp and Met49 of Mpro are the most important residues that interacted with the designed inhibitors. Our analysis may provide some breakthroughs to develop new therapeutics to treat the proliferation of SARS-CoV-2 in vitro and in vivo.Three designed inhibitors with potential inhibition efficacy against the emerging variants of SARS coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2).相似文献