Neurochemical Characteristics of the Ventromedial Hypothalamus in Mediating the Antiaversive Effects of Anxiolytics in Different Models of Anxiety

In experiments on rats using an illuminated area avoidance test and a threatening situation avoidance test, preliminary i.p. administration and subsequent microinjection into the ventromedial hypothalamus of various combinations of monoamines, transmitter amino acids, and their agonists and antagonists demonstrated differences in the functional importance of the neurochemical profile of this limbic formation in mediating anxiety states of different origins. The neurochemical analysis with local intrahypothalamic administration of anxiosedative and anxioselective substances showed that the antiaversive actions of Campirone are obtained only in conditions in which the dominant motivation is fear, while chlordiazepoxide, Phenibut, and Indoter are also active in anxiety induced by negatively stressful zoosocial influences; these actions are mediated respectively by serotoninergic and GABAergic types of synaptic switching in the ventromedial hypothalamus.     

Monoamine, GABA, and glutamergic mechanisms of the anterior hypothalamus in anti-aversive effects of sedative and selective drugs in various models of anxiety

The experiments using "illuminated site" and "threatening situation" avoidance tests on rats microinjected with GABA, glutamic acid, monoamines and their agonists and antagonists, as well as anxiosedative and anxioselective agents into the anterior hypothalamus revealed functional ambiguity in the neurochemical profile of this limbic brain formation in the anxiety states of various aversive genesis. Preliminary intraperitoneal injection of the monoamine and GABA antagonists, followed by the local administration of the antianxiety drugs studied, showed that the antiaversive action of chlordiazepoxide, fenibut, and indoter is manifested in both anxiety models via a GABAergic mechanism in the anterior hypothalamus. The anxiolytic effect of campiron is manifested only under negative-stressor zoosocial conditions and is mediated by the serotoninergic systems of this limbic brain formation.     

Paraneoplastic kidney lesions

The authors summed up the results of a study of paraneoplastic nephropathy combined with a tumor process of different sites in 41 patients treated over a 14-year period. Data on the frequency of the combination of a tumor with nephropathy, the time of tumor diagnosis from the appearance of the signs of renal involvement, the frequency of various morphological changes in the kidneys (amyloidosis, nephropathy of glomerulonephritis type) were correlated with the literature data. The importance of the knowledge of clinical features, a course of nephropathy for early recognition of tumors and correct therapeutic tactics was discussed.     

Neurochemical features of the ventral pallidum in realization of the antiaversive effects of anxiolytics in different models of anxiety

Preliminary intraperitoneal injections of some combinations of adreno- and dopaminomimetics, monoamines, and mediator amino acids (as well as of their agonists and antagonists) followed by microinjections of the same combinations into the ventral pallidum reveal differences in the functional significance of the neurochemical profile of this paleostriatum formation in realization of the anxiety states of different genesis, as manifested in the "illuminated site avoidance" and the "threatening situation" tests in rats. The pharmacological analysis based on the local injection of anxiosedative and anxioselective agents into the ventral paleostriatum showed that the antiaversive action of campirone is revealed under the conditions of dominating fear motivation, while that analogous action of chlordiazepoxide, phenibut and indoter is revealed under negative stressful zoosocial impacts and is realized by serotonin- and GABA-ergic (rather than by cathecholamine- and glutaminergic) aversive systems of the ventral pallidum.     

Beta 2-microglobulin in the blood serum and urine of patients with interstitial kidney lesions

A study of the level of beta 2-microglobulin (beta 2-MG) in the blood serum and urine was conducted in 67 patients: 22 with chronic pyelonephritis, 13 with gout with renal lesion, 25 with chronic glomerulonephritis (5 without hyperuricemia, 20 with hyperuricemia) and 7 with amyloidosis accompanied mainly by renal lesion. A raised level of beta 2-microglobulin was found in the patients with chronic pyelonephritis, gout, latent glomerulonephritis with hyperuricemia, and in over half of the cases its raised level was found in the urine. The results obtained indicate a frequent and in some cases predominant involvement of the tubules as well as interstition in the patients with hyperuricemia.     

Effect of furosemide on proteinuria in patients suffering from amyloidosis and chronic nephritis with various tubulostromal lesions of the kidneys

The data on protein excretion with urine under the effect of furosemide were compared clinically and morphologically with the morphological signs of tubulostromal lesions in the kidneys in 19 patients suffering from amyloid nephropathy and in 33 patients with chronic glomerulonephritis. The data obtained show the morphofunctional importance of the furosemide test which is likely to be used for identification of pronounced tubulostromal lesions in the kidneys in the given disease entities as well as for making differential diagnosis between renal amyloidosis and chronic glomerulonephritis.     

The Role of Neurochemical Mechanisms of Ventromedial Hypothalamus in Various Models of Anxiety in Rats

Microinjections of glutamic acid, serotonin, and sulpiride in the ventromedial hypothalamus reduced anxiety in an illuminated platform avoidance task in rats, while dopamine, apomorphine, picrotoxin, and memantine increased it. Similar injections of phenylephrine and yohimbine reduced anxiety in threatening situation task only, while GABA reduced it in both tasks. It is suggested that various emotional and stress phenotypes are realized through functionally different neurochemical mechanisms of ventromedial hypothalamus.     

Prevalence of alcohol use among school children and vocational school students in Murmansk

Anonymous questionnaires were distributed among 1564 schoolchildren in Murmansk for the study carried out in accordance with the method recommended by Center for Monitoring Harmful Habits among Children and Adolescents at Ministry of Health of Russia. The data indicate alcoholization of adolescents in the city. The results were used for planning and implementation of preventive measures within the framework of the SOS! complex regional program.     

Monoaminergic and aminoacidergic mechanisms of the posterior hypothalamus in realization of the antiaversive effects of anxiosedative and anxioselective agents in various anxiety models

Experiments using the "illuminated site" and "threatening situation" avoidance tests on rats after preliminary intraperitoneal injection of monoamines, mediator amino acids, and their agonists and antagonists, followed by microinjection of the same combinations into the posterior hypothalamus revealed functional ambiguity in the neurochemical profile of this limbic brain formation in realization of the anxiety states of various genesis. Pharmacological analysis was performed after preliminary injection of various anxiosedative and anxioselective agents into the posterior hypothalamus. It was found that the antiaversive action of chloridiazepoxide, fenibut, and indoter is manifested only under conditions of dominating fear motivation and is mediated by a GABAergic mechanism in the posterior hypothalamus. The anxiolytic effect of campiron is manifested only under negative-stressor zoosocial impact conditions and is mediated by the serotoninergic profile of synaptic switching in this limbic brain formation.