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1.
Christian Bottomley Abdoulie Bojang Peter G Smith Ousainou Darboe Martin Antonio Ebenezer Foster-Nyarko Beate Kampmann Brian Greenwood Umberto D’Alessandro Anna Roca 《Emerging themes in epidemiology》2015,12(1)
Background
There is increasing evidence that childhood vaccines have effects that extend beyond their target disease. The objective of this study was to assess the effects of routine childhood vaccines on bacterial carriage in the nasopharynx.Methods
A cohort of children from rural Gambia was recruited at birth and followed up for one year. Nasopharyngeal swabs were taken immediately after birth, every two weeks for the first six months and then every other month. The presence of bacteria in the nasopharynx (Haemophilus influenzae, Streptococcus pneumoniae, Staphylococcus aureus) was compared before and after the administration of DTP-Hib-HepB and measles-yellow fever vaccines.Results
A total of 1,779 nasopharyngeal swabs were collected from 136 children for whom vaccination data were available. The prevalence of bacterial carriage was high: 82.2% S. pneumoniae, 30.6%, S.aureus, 27.8% H. influenzae. Carriage of H. influenzae (OR = 0.36; 95% CI: 0.13, 0.99) and S. pneumoniae (OR = 0.25; 95% CI: 0.07, 0.90) were significantly reduced after measles-yellow fever vaccination; while DTP-Hib-HepB had no effect on bacterial carriage.Conclusions
Nasopharyngeal bacterial carriage is unaffected by DTP-Hib-HepB vaccination and reduced after measles-yellow fever vaccination. 相似文献2.
Roca A Bottomley C Hill PC Bojang A Egere U Antonio M Darboe O Greenwood BM Adegbola RA 《Clinical infectious diseases》2012,55(6):816-824
Background.?This study evaluated the impact of age and pneumococcal vaccination on the density of pneumococcal nasopharyngeal carriage. Methods.?A cluster-randomized trial was conducted in rural Gambia. In 11 villages (the vaccine group), all residents received 7-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV-7), while in another 10 villages (the control group), only children <30 months old or born during the study period received PCV-7. Cross-sectional surveys (CSSs) were conducted to collect nasopharyngeal swabs before vaccination (baseline CSS) and 4, 12, and 22 months after vaccination. Pneumococcal density was defined using a semiquantitative classification (range, 1-4) among colonized individuals. An age-trend analysis of density was conducted using data from the baseline CSS. Mean pneumococcal density was compared in CSSs conducted before and after vaccination. Results.?Mean bacterial density among colonized individuals in the baseline CSS was 2.57 for vaccine-type (VT) and non-vaccine-type (NVT) pneumococci; it decreased with age (P?.001 for VT and NVT). There was a decrease in the density of VT carriage following vaccination in individuals older than 5 years (from 2.44 to 1.88; P?=?.001) and in younger individuals (from 2.57 to 2.11; P?=?.070) in the vaccinated villages. Similar decreases in density were observed with NVT within vaccinated and control villages. No significant differences were found between vaccinated and control villages in the postvaccination comparisons for either VT or NVT. Conclusions.?A high density of carriage among young subjects might partly explain why children are more efficient than adults in pneumococcal transmission. PCV-7 vaccination lowered the density of VT and of NVT pneumococcal carriage in the before-after vaccination analysis. Clinical Trials Registration.?ISRCTN51695599. 相似文献
3.
Momodou K Darboe Anthony JC Fulford Ousman Secka Andrew M Prentice 《BMC infectious diseases》2010,10(1):195
Background
Streptococcus pneumoniae is an important cause of community acquired pneumonia, sepsis, meningitis and otitis media globally and has been incriminated as a major cause of serious childhood bacterial infections in The Gambia. Better understanding of the dynamics of transmission and carriage will inform control strategies. 相似文献4.
Jones RT Darboe MK Doherty CP MacKay WG Weaver LT Campbell DI Thomas JE 《Journal of pediatric gastroenterology and nutrition》2007,44(5):650-652
Helicobacter pylori colonization was measured by [13C]-urea breath test in 198 Gambian infants and by fecal enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay in 52 of the 198 at ages 2, 5, and 12 months. By 12 months there was good concordance between tests; 33 of 44 (75%) test results were positive by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, and 29 of 44 (66%) test results were positive by urea breath test. H. pylori colonization is common among Gambian infants, and noninvasive tests can provide a reliable means of diagnosis. 相似文献
5.
Anna A. Richards Momodou K. Darboe Kate Tilling George Davey Smith Andrew M. Prentice Debbie A. Lawlor 《Paediatric and perinatal epidemiology》2010,24(3):255-261
Richards AA, Darboe MK, Tilling K, Smith GD, Prentice AM, Lawlor DA. Breast milk sodium content in rural Gambian women: between‐ and within‐women variation in the first 6 months after delivery. Paediatric and Perinatal Epidemiology 2010; 24 : 255–261. It has been suggested that infancy is a particularly sensitive period with respect to the effect of dietary sodium on future risk of hypertension. One difficulty of researching the effects of early sodium intake on later health is accurately measuring sodium intake from breast milk. In observational studies, sodium content has been calculated by estimating breast milk volume consumed and assuming a fixed sodium concentration for all women at all times (a standardised measure). The objectives of this study were to investigate the variation in breast milk sodium concentration in the first 6 months postpartum within women and test whether the pattern of change in sodium concentration differs between women. The study population was 197 rural Gambian women. Multilevel models were used to investigate whether the sodium content of breast milk changed over time within and between women. Fractional polynomials were used to identify the best‐fitting functions of age to be included in the within and between variance functions. Sodium levels decreased with time; the reduction was initially rapid (levels decreasing by 17.7% between 30 and 60 days after delivery). Immediately after birth, there was substantial variation in breast milk sodium content between women but this reduced with time. Our results suggest that it is not appropriate to use a standardised measure of breast milk sodium content when direct measurement is possible – particularly when there is a research interest in measuring sodium intake in very early infancy. 相似文献
6.
Enhancement of cytokine‐driven NK cell IFN‐γ production after vaccination of HCMV infected Africans
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Alansana Darboe Ebrima Danso Ed Clarke Ama Umesi Ebrima Touray Rita Wegmuller Sophie E. Moore Eleanor M. Riley Martin R. Goodier 《European journal of immunology》2017,47(6):1040-1050
Human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) infection drives the phenotypic and functional differentiation of NK cells, thereby influencing the responses of these cells after vaccination. NK cell functional differentiation is particularly advanced in African populations with universal exposure to HCMV. To investigate the impact of advanced differentiation on vaccine‐induced responses, we studied NK‐cell function before and after vaccination with Trivalent Influenza Vaccine (TIV) or diphtheria, tetanus, pertussis, inactivated poliovirus vaccine (DTPiP) in Africans with universal, lifelong HCMV exposure. In contrast to populations with lower prevalence of HCMV infection, no significant enhancement of NK‐cell responses (IFN‐γ, CD107a, CD25) occurred after in vitro re‐stimulation of post‐vaccination NK cells with TIV or DTPiP antigens compared to pre‐vaccination baseline cells. However, both vaccinations resulted in higher frequencies of NK cells producing IFN‐γ in response to exogenous IL‐12 with IL‐18, which persisted for up to 6 months. Enhanced cytokine responsiveness was restricted to less differentiated NK cells, with increased frequencies of IFN‐γ+ cells observed within CD56brightCD57?, CD56dimCD57?NKG2C? and CD56dimCD57?NKG2C+ NK‐cell subsets. These data suggest a common mechanism whereby different vaccines enhance NK cell IFN‐γ function in HCMV infected donors and raise the potential for further exploitation of NK cell “pre‐activation” to improve vaccine effectiveness. 相似文献
7.
S Hawkesworth S E Moore A J C Fulford G R Barclay A A Darboe H Mark O A Nyan A M Prentice 《Nutrition & diabetes》2013,3(8):e83
Objective:
Emerging evidence from animal models suggests that translocation of bacterial debris across a leaky gut may trigger low-grade inflammation, which in turn drives insulin resistance. The current study set out to investigate this phenomenon, termed ‘metabolic endotoxemia'', in Gambian women.Methods:
In a cross-sectional study, we recruited 93 age-matched middle-aged urban Gambian women into three groups: lean (body mass index (BMI): 18.5–22.9 kg m−2), obese non-diabetic (BMI: ⩾30.0 kg m−2) and obese diabetic (BMI: ⩾30.0 kg m−2 and attending a diabetic clinic). We measured serum bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and endotoxin-core IgM and IgG antibodies (EndoCAb) as measures of endotoxin exposure and interleukin-6 (IL-6) as a marker of inflammation.Results:
Inflammation (IL-6) was independently and positively associated with both obesity and diabetes (F=12.7, P<0.001). LPS levels were highest in the obese-diabetic group compared with the other two groups (F=4.4, P<0.02). IgM EndoCAb (but not total IgM) was highly significantly reduced in the obese (55% of lean value) and obese diabetic women (30% of lean; F=21.7, P<0.0001 for trend) compared with lean women.Conclusion:
These data support the hypothesis that gut-derived inflammatory products are associated with obesity and diabetes. Confirmation of these findings and elucidation of the role of the microbiota, gut damage and the pathways for translocation of bacterial debris, could open new avenues for prevention and treatment of type 2 diabetes. 相似文献8.
Bone mineral contents and plasma osteocalcin concentrations of Gambian children 12 and 24 mo after the withdrawal of a calcium supplement 总被引:7,自引:0,他引:7
Dibba B Prentice A Ceesay M Mendy M Darboe S Stirling DM Cole TJ Poskitt EM 《The American journal of clinical nutrition》2002,76(3):681-686
BACKGROUND: Our randomized, placebo-controlled supplementation study of 160 rural Gambian children aged 8.3-11.9 y showed that an increase in calcium intake of 714 mg/d for 12 mo resulted in a 5% increase in forearm bone mineral acquisition and a 22% decrease in plasma osteocalcin concentration, a bone formation marker, but had no effect on height or bone dimensions. OBJECTIVE: We investigated whether these results were sustained after supplement withdrawal. DESIGN: All participants were followed up 12 (FU1) and 24 (FU2) mo after supplementation ended. Bone mineral content (BMC), bone mineral density (BMD), and BMC adjusted for bone width, body weight, and height (size-adjusted BMC) were measured at the midshaft and distal radius. Plasma osteocalcin concentration was measured at FU1. RESULTS: At follow-up, the calcium group had greater bone mineral status than did the placebo group at the midshaft radius (mean difference +/- SE), FU1: BMC (4.7 +/- 1.6%; P = 0.004), BMD (5.1 +/- 1.1%; P = 0.0001), size-adjusted BMC (5.0 +/- 1.1%; P = 0.0001); FU2: BMC (3.8 +/- 1.6%; P = 0.02), BMD (2.7 +/- 1.3%; P = 0.04), size-adjusted BMC (2.5 +/- 1.3%; P = 0.06). Similar differentials were observed at the distal radius but were not significant. No significant differences in plasma osteocalcin concentrations (FU1: -0.5 +/- 6.5%; P = 0.9) were observed between groups. CONCLUSION: Although some of the effects of calcium supplementation were still evident at follow-up, further studies are required to determine whether short-term increases in calcium intake have lasting benefits for Gambian children. 相似文献
9.
Kalifa Sanneh Darboe Tae-Hoon Oh Su-Mi Choi Hee-Kyung Kim Seong Eun Kim Uh Jin Kim Seung-Ji Kang Hee-Chang Jang Sook-In Jung Kyung-Hwa Park 《Diagnostic microbiology and infectious disease》2021,99(1):115173
We investigated susceptibility to antimicrobials of 89 staphylococcal species from PJIs and analyzed fluoroquinolone (FQ)-resistance mechanisms. Staphylococcal isolates showed high resistance to oral antimicrobials, with the exception of TMP-STX and linezolid. The main mechanism of resistance to FQ was mutations in quinolone-resistance-determining-regions. Fifteen percent of Staphylococcus aureus overexpressed efflux-pump genes. 相似文献
10.
Darboe MK Thurnham DI Morgan G Adegbola RA Secka O Solon JA Jackson SJ Northrop-Clewes C Fulford TJ Doherty CP Prentice AM 《Lancet》2007,369(9579):2088-2096