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1.
The initial management of bladder outflow obstruction typically related to benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) falls to a large extent within the remit of general practice. Referral onwards to secondary care typically arises following the failure to respond to conservative measures or when complications have supervened; the most significant of which is urinary retention. In the hospital setting, anaesthesia, constipation and immobility are the common precipitants. What follows is a practical guide to the management of these situations and provides an overview of the conservative, medical, minimally invasive and surgical treatments available. 相似文献
2.
In this paper, the authors describe some of the complexities of collecting and presenting data on race and ethnicity based on the experiences of the Bureau of the Census. Different methods of data collection, different content and format of questions, and different definitions make it difficult to collect consistent race and ethnic data across data systems. The Bureau of the Census experiences have shown that changing ethnic self-identity and concepts, intent of the question, consistency of reporting, and the classification of persons of mixed racial parentage affect the quality of the data. These are some of the issues that must be addressed as statistical agencies and researchers seek to provide comparable race and ethnic data. 相似文献
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5.
James M. McKenney Pharm.D. 《Pharmacotherapy》1993,13(4):340-352
Hypertension and diabetes appear to increase coronary heart disease risk in part by causing an abnormality in lipid metabolism. Most affected are patients with familial dyslipidemic hypertension (FDH) and noninsulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM). The lipid disorders most often encountered in these patients are increased levels of triglycerides, very low-density lipoprotein (VLDL) cholesterol, and small, dense low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol, and low levels of high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol. These abnormalities appear to result from increased hepatic secretion of VLDL particles due to increased concentrations of free fatty acids and glucose, reduced VLDL clearance due to reduced activity of lipoprotein lipase, and reduced LDL clearance due to glycosylation of ligand proteins. Treatment of the dyslipidemia associated with FDH should follow the guidelines from the National Cholesterol Education Program. Treatment in men and women with NIDDM should be considered when LDL cholesterol levels are 130 mg/dl or above, triglyceride levels are 200 mg/dl or above, or non-HDL cholesterol levels are 160 mg/dl or greater. Aggressive lifestyle changes should be initiated first, including weight loss in obese patients, control of glucose levels in those with NIDDM, avoidance of antihypertensive drugs that may worsen lipid levels in patients with FDH, and eating a diet restricting saturated fat and cholesterol. Addition of lipid-altering drugs should be considered if such changes do not achieve effective lipid control. The agent should be tailored to the patient's lipid profile, in general by using bile acid resins, niacin, or reductase inhibitors to lower LDL cholesterol and gemfibrozil or niacin to lower triglycerides. Niacin should be avoided in patients with NIDDM. 相似文献
6.
Background
There is currently an unprecedented expressed need and demand for estimates of maternal mortality in developing countries. This has been stimulated in part by the creation of a Millennium Development Goal that will be judged partly on the basis of reductions in maternal mortality by 2015. 相似文献7.
8.
Charles R. Kiefer James B. McKenney Jane F. Trainor Richard W. Lambrecht Herbert L. Bonkovsky Lawrence M. Lifshitz C. Robert Valeri L. Michael Snyder 《The American journal of pathology》1998,153(3):703-708
To further the understanding of oxidative effects on inflammation injury to muscle fiber structure, fluorescent imaging analysis of human striated muscle tissues from a variety of inflammatory or postinflammatory etiologies was undertaken in a search for accumulated coproporphyrin, a red autofluorescent byproduct of heme biosynthesis that would theoretically be formed under oxidative insult. Using a differential excitation method of in situ analysis, porphyrin autofluorescence was detected in intact fibers within the context of the yellow autofluorescent subsarcolemmal lipofuscin granules. Relative measurements of porphyrin concentration in the granules from different patients indicated that the acute/subacute inflammatory specimens grouped significantly higher than the more chronic inflammatory and nonpathological specimens. Myoglobin was also found to be associated with the granules. Myoglobin heme iron could potentially serve as a Fenton reagent for the intracellular generation of hydroxyl radicals, which are responsible for the oxidation of the porphyrinogens. High-performance liquid chromatography analysis of extracted dense particles revealed coproporphyrin as the sole porphyrin present. The observation of coproporphyrin within lipofuscin granules, previously unreported, suggests that lipofuscin accumulation in striated muscle may begin under conditions of acute oxidative stress, as marked by the oxidation of extramitochondrial porphyrinogens that are immediately incorporated into the granules. 相似文献
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The CTLA-4 gene region of chromosome 2q33 is linked to, and associated with, type 1 diabetes. Belgian Diabetes Registry 总被引:8,自引:1,他引:8
Nistico L; Buzzetti R; Pritchard LE; Van der Auwera B; Giovannini C; Bosi E; Larrad MT; Rios MS; Chow CC; Cockram CS; Jacobs K; Mijovic C; Bain SC; Barnett AH; Vandewalle CL; Schuit F; Gorus FK; Tosi R; Pozzilli P; Todd JA 《Human molecular genetics》1996,5(7):1075-1080
Susceptibility to autoimmune insulin-dependent (type 1) diabetes mellitus
is determined by a combination of environmental and genetic factors, which
include variation in MHC genes on chromosome 6p21 (IDDM1) and the insulin
gene on chromosome 11p15 (IDDM2). However, linkage to IDDM1 and IDDM2
cannot explain the clustering of type 1 diabetes in families, and a role
for other genes is inferred. In the present report we describe linkage and
association of type 1 diabetes to the CTLA-4 gene (cytotoxic T lymphocyte
associated-4) on chromosome 2q33 (designated IDDM12). CTLA-4 is a strong
candidate gene for T cell- mediated autoimmune disease because it encodes a
T cell receptor that mediates T cell apoptosis and is a vital negative
regulator of T cell activation. In addition, we provide supporting evidence
that CTLA-4 is associated with susceptibility to Graves' disease, another
organ- specific autoimmune disease.
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