Predicting Renal Function Outcomes After Partial and Radical Nephrectomy

Background

Partial nephrectomy (PN) is generally favored for cT1 tumors over radical nephrectomy (RN) when technically feasible. However, it can be unclear whether the additional risks of PN are worth the magnitude of renal function benefit.

Subdental synchondrosis and anatomy of the axis in aging: a histomorphometric study on 30 autopsy cases

During skeletal development the two ossification centers of the odontoid process are separated from the corpus of the axis by a subdental synchondrosis. This synchondrosis is thought to close and disappear spontaneously in adolescence although this has never been studied in detail. The basis of the dens is of clinical relevance as type II dens fractures are located here. To characterize the morphological architecture of the axis with particular attention to the subdental synchondrosis, the complete axis was harvested from thirty age-matched and gender-matched patients of the three different age groups at autopsy. The subdental synchondrosis and the bone structure of the dens, the basis of the dens and the body of C2 were analyzed by radiography, histology and quantitative histomorphometry. At the macroscopic level the persistency of the subdental synchondrosis in the adult cervical spine was detected in 87% (26 of 30) of the specimens. Histomorphometry revealed a residual disc blastema with an average size of 25.8% of the sagittal depth of the basis of the dens at this level. Bony integration of the synchondrosis was poor throughout all ages. Histologically a cartilaginous matrix composition of the subdental synchondrosis persisted throughout all groups. The trabecular microarchitecture demonstrated a significant reduction of bone volume and trabecular number as well as an increased trabecular separation within the basis of the dens as compared to the corpus or the dens of C2. This histomorphometric data regarding a poor integration of the synchondrosis into the trabecular network and the reduced bone mass within the basis of the dens might offer a previously underestimated explanation for the occurrence of type II dens fractures and their association with pseudoarthrosis, respectively.Matthias Gebauer and Christian Lohse contributed equally to this study and therefore share first authorship.     

2-Alkynyl derivatives of adenosine and adenosine-5'-N-ethyluronamide as selective agonists at A2 adenosine receptors.

In the search for more selective A2-receptor agonists and on the basis that appropriate substitution at C2 is known to impart selectivity for A2 receptors, 2-alkynyladenosines 2a-d were resynthesized and evaluated in radioligand binding, adenylate cyclase, and platelet aggregation studies. Binding of [3H]NECA to A2 receptors of rat striatal membranes was inhibited by compounds 2a-d with Ki values ranging from 2.8 to 16.4 nM. 2-Alkynyladenosines also exhibited high-affinity binding at solubilized A2 receptors from human platelet membranes. Competition of 2-alkynyladenosines 2a-d for the antagonist radioligand [3H]DPCPX and for the agonist [3H]CCPA gave Ki values in the nanomolar range, and the compounds showed moderate A2 selectivity. In order to improve this selectivity, the corresponding 2-alkynyl derivatives of adenosine-5'-N-ethyluronamide 8a-d were synthesized and tested. As expected, the 5'-N-ethyluronamide derivatives retained the A2 affinity whereas the A1 affinity was attenuated, resulting in an up to 10-fold increase in A2 selectivity. A similar pattern was observed in adenylate cyclase assays and in platelet aggregation studies. A 30- to 45-fold selectivity for platelet A2 receptors compared to A1 receptors was found for compounds 8a-c in adenylate cyclase studies.     

Lipodermatosclerosis: review of cases evaluated at Mayo Clinic.

BACKGROUND: Lipodermatosclerosis describes bound-down, sclerotic skin involving the lower extremities. OBJECTIVE: Our purpose was to describe the demographic and clinical features of patients with lipodermatosclerosis. METHODS: This was a retrospective study of patients presenting to Mayo Clinic between 1976 and 1998 with a diagnosis of lipodermatosclerosis. RESULTS: Of 97 patients, 84 (87%) were women. Mean age was 62 years (range, 25-88 years). Mean body mass index was 34.3 (range, 17.8-71.5). Clinical signs were bilateral involvement in 44 patients (45%), induration localized to a discrete plaque in 49 (51%), erythema in 69 (71%), hyperpigmentation in 57 (59%), ulceration in 13 (13%), concomitant edema in 69 (71%), and varicosities in 55 (57%). Vascular studies performed on 72 patients showed abnormalities in 49: deep venous incompetence in 33 (67%), calf muscle pump abnormality in 19 (39%), abnormal pulsatility in 10 (20%), and obstruction in 1 (2%). CONCLUSION: Lipodermatosclerosis was associated with female sex, middle age, high body mass index, and venous abnormalities.     

Separation of solubilized A2 adenosine receptors of human platelets from non-receptor [3H]NECA binding sites by gel filtration

Summary Human platelet membranes were solubilized with the zwitterionic detergent CHAPS (3-[3-(cholamidopropyl)dimethylammonio]-1-propanesulfonate) and the solubilized extract subjected to gel filtration. Binding of the adenosine receptor agonist [3H]NECA (5-N-ethylcarboxamidoadeno-sine) was measured to the eluted fractions. Two [³H]NECA binding peaks were eluted, the first of them with the void volume. This first peak represented between 10% and 25% of the [³H]NECA binding activity eluted from the column. It bound [³H]NECA in a reversible, saturable and GTP-dependent manner with an affinity of 46 nmol/1 and a binding capacity of 510 fmol/mg protein. Various adenosine receptor ligands competed for the binding of [³H]NECA to the first peak with a pharmacological profile characteristic for the A₂ adenosine receptor as determined from adenylate cyclase experiments. In contrast, most adenosine receptor ligands did not compete for [³H]NECA binding to the second, major peak. These results suggest that a solubilized A₂ receptor-GS protein complex of human platelets can be separated from other [³H]NECA binding sites by gel filtration. This allows reliable radioligand binding studies of the A₂ adenosine receptor of human platelets.Abbreviations CHAPS 3-[3-(cholamidopropyl)dimethylammoniol-l-propanesulfonate - CIA 2-chloroadenosine - CPA N⁶-cyclopentyladenosine - DPX 1,3-diethyl-8-phenylxanthine - NECA 5-N-ethylcarboxamidoadenosine - PAA 2-phenylaminoadenosine - PIA N⁶-phenyhsopropyladenosine - XAC 8-{4-[([{(2-aminoethyl)amino}carbonyl}methyl)oxy]phenyl]-1,3-dipropylxanthine Send offprint requests to M. J. Lohse     

2-Chloro-N6-[3H]cyclopentyladenosine ([3HCCPA) —a high affinity agonist radioligand for A1 adenosine receptors

Summary The tritiated analogue of 2-chloro-N⁶-cyclopentyladenosine (CCPA), an adenosine derivative with subnanomolar affinity and a 10000-fold selectivity for A₁ adenosine receptors, has been examined as a new agonist radioligand. [³H]CCPA was prepared with a specific radioactivity of 1.58 TBq/mmol (43 Ci/mmol) and bound in a reversible manner to A₁ receptors from rat brain membranes with a high affinityK _D-value of 0.2 nmol/l. In the presence of GTP aK _D-value of 13 nmol/l was determined for the low affinity state for agonist binding. Competition of several adenosine receptor agonists and antagonists for [³H]CCPA binding to rat brain membranes confirmed binding to an A₁ receptor. Solubilized A1 receptors bound [³H]CCPA with similar affinity for the high affinity state. At solubilized receptors a reduced association rate was observed in the presence of MgCl₂, as has been shown for the agonist [³H]N⁶-phenylisopropyladenosine ([³H]PIA). [³H]CCPA was also used for detection of A₁ receptors in rat cardio myocyte membranes, a tissue with a very low receptor density. A K_D-value of 0.4 nmol/l and aB _max-value of 16 fmol/ mg protein was determined in these membranes. In human platelet membranes no specific binding of [³H]CCPA was measured at concentrations up to 400 nmol/l, indicating that A2 receptors did not bind [³H]CCPA. Based on the subnanomolar affinity and the high selectivity for A₁ receptors [³H]CCPA proved to be a useful agonist radioligand for characterization of A₁ adenosine receptors also in tissues with very low receptor density.Abbreviations CHA N⁶-cyclopenyadenosine - CPA N⁶-cy-clopentyladen,osine - CCPA 2-chloro-N⁶-cyclopentyladenosine - CCCPA 2-chloro-5-chloro-5-deoxy-N⁶-cyclopentyladenosine; - CHAPS 3-[3-(cholamidopropyl)dimethylammonio]-1-propanesulfonate - DPCPX 8-cyclopentyl-1,3-dipropylxanthine - NECA N-ethylcarboxamidoadenosine - PEI polyethylenimine - PIA N⁶-phenylisopropyladenosine Send offprint requests to K.-N. Klotz at the above address     

Prognostic Significance of p27, Ki-67, and Topoisomerase lla Expression in Clinically Nonfunctioning Pancreatic Endocrine Tumors

Nonfunctioning islet cell tumors or pancreatic endocrine tumors are the most common type of malignant islet cell tumor. Although previously detected usually at an advanced stage because of mass effect, the early detection rate of small localized disease has been increasing. To date it has been difficult to predict the clinical behavior in localized regional nonfunctioning tumors. To investigate potential markers predicting malignancy and poor prognosis in nonfunctioning pancreatic endocrine tumors, we analyzed the expression of Ki-67, topoisomerase IIα (Topollα), and p27, as well as a variety of clinicopathologic parameters in 76 cases of nonfunctioning islet cell tumors (23 benign cases and 53 malignant cases). Ki-67, Topollα, and p27 labeling indices were significantly different between benign and malignant tumors. Expression of Ki-67, Topollα, and p27 were associated with survival in patients with a malignant tumor in a univariate setting. However, only p27 and Topollα were jointly associated with survival in multivariate analysis. Immunohistochemical staining for p27, Topollα, and Ki-67 can be helpful in the diagnosis of nonfunctioning pancreatic endocrine tumor. Analysis of p27 and Topollα may also have potential utility as prognostic factors for malignant tumors.     

Distinction between papillary thyroid hyperplasia and papillary thyroid carcinoma by immunohistochemical staining for cytokeratin 19, galectin-3, and HBME-1

The histopathology of papillary thyroid hyperplasia and papillary thyroid carcinoma is similar enough to cause a diagnostic dilemma in a few cases. Both lesions may have papillary fronds with fibrovascular cores, nuclear crowding, and nuclear anisocytosis. Formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded tissues from 30 randomly selected patients with papillary thyroid hyperplasia and an equal number from patients with papillary thyroid carcinoma were analyzed for expression of cytokeratin 19 (CK19), galectin-3, and HBME-1. Cases of papillary thyroid carcinoma had moderate to strong CK19, galectin-3, and HBME-1 reactivity although both CK19 and galectin-3 showed positive staining in a significant number of nonneoplastic thyroid cases. HBME-1 was uncommon in the nonneoplastic cases. These results indicate that HBME-1 may be useful in helping to distinguish papillary thyroid carcinoma from hyperplasia in diagnostically difficult cases.     

Induction of the anti-ergotypic response

The injection of syngeneic activated T cells into rodents caninduce a T cell response against activation markers of the Tcells, ergotopes. The responding antl-ergotypic T cells havebeen shown to suppress experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis(EAE). This paper reports the characteristics of the antl-ergotypicresponse. It was found that irradiated activated T cells wereas good as untreated living activated T cells in inducing anti-ergotypiccells in vivo. Glutardialdehyde-fixed (0.3%) cells were poorstimulators in vivo and non-stimulatory in vitro. Dilution ofglutardialdehyde to 0.003% before fixation preserved the stimulatorycapacity in vitro. Fixation or irradiation of T cells at differenttimes after activation showed that the stimulatory ergotopeappears only after more than 12 h of activation. This ergotopeis not secreted by activated T cells, but is a structural componentof the activated T cell. Injection of solubilized proteins fromactivated T cells, but not of supernatants from activated Tcells, was able to induce an anti-ergotypic response in vivo.In vitro supernatants from activated T cells also were not stimulatoryto anti-ergotypic T cells. The anti-ergotypic response couldbe measured in draining lymph nodes 3 days after injection,reached a maximum after 7–10 days and subsided thereafter.It was earlier and stronger than the anti-ldiotypic response.Induction of the response was dose dependent. As few as 100cells were able to induce a marked anti-ergotypic response.The ease of the induction and the strength of the anti-ergotypicresponse suggest a physiological role in immunoregulatlon.