全文获取类型
收费全文 | 765篇 |
免费 | 47篇 |
国内免费 | 5篇 |
专业分类
耳鼻咽喉 | 1篇 |
儿科学 | 11篇 |
妇产科学 | 7篇 |
基础医学 | 126篇 |
口腔科学 | 18篇 |
临床医学 | 80篇 |
内科学 | 156篇 |
皮肤病学 | 43篇 |
神经病学 | 61篇 |
特种医学 | 52篇 |
外科学 | 166篇 |
综合类 | 9篇 |
预防医学 | 27篇 |
眼科学 | 2篇 |
药学 | 32篇 |
1篇 | |
肿瘤学 | 25篇 |
出版年
2021年 | 7篇 |
2020年 | 5篇 |
2019年 | 6篇 |
2018年 | 7篇 |
2017年 | 9篇 |
2016年 | 12篇 |
2015年 | 12篇 |
2014年 | 13篇 |
2013年 | 14篇 |
2012年 | 24篇 |
2011年 | 22篇 |
2010年 | 16篇 |
2009年 | 26篇 |
2008年 | 41篇 |
2007年 | 27篇 |
2006年 | 29篇 |
2005年 | 21篇 |
2004年 | 29篇 |
2003年 | 24篇 |
2002年 | 15篇 |
2001年 | 32篇 |
2000年 | 16篇 |
1999年 | 17篇 |
1998年 | 15篇 |
1997年 | 17篇 |
1996年 | 23篇 |
1995年 | 16篇 |
1994年 | 17篇 |
1993年 | 19篇 |
1992年 | 15篇 |
1991年 | 26篇 |
1990年 | 20篇 |
1989年 | 22篇 |
1988年 | 26篇 |
1987年 | 21篇 |
1986年 | 22篇 |
1985年 | 13篇 |
1984年 | 13篇 |
1983年 | 9篇 |
1982年 | 7篇 |
1981年 | 9篇 |
1980年 | 6篇 |
1979年 | 8篇 |
1978年 | 5篇 |
1977年 | 6篇 |
1976年 | 5篇 |
1974年 | 11篇 |
1973年 | 9篇 |
1971年 | 6篇 |
1970年 | 5篇 |
排序方式: 共有817条查询结果,搜索用时 15 毫秒
1.
Liesbeth Vandenput Fernand Labrie Dan Mellstr?m Charlotte Swanson Thomas Knutsson Ralph Peeker Osten Ljunggren Eric Orwoll Anna L Eriksson Jan-Erik Damber Claes Ohlsson 《Journal of bone and mineral research》2007,22(2):220-227
Androgens are important regulators of bone and prostate health in elderly men. The role of serum levels of glucuronidated androgen metabolites as predictors of BMD and prostate volume in men is unclear. We show that specific glucuronidated androgen metabolites predict BMD and prostate volume in elderly men. INTRODUCTION: Androgens are important regulators of bone and prostate health in elderly men. Local synthesis and degradation of androgens are likely to be important parameters of biological action of androgens in androgen-responsive tissues. The aim of this study was to determine the role of serum levels of glucuronidated androgen metabolites as predictors of BMD and prostate volume in elderly men. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A subsample of the population-based Swedish part of the MrOS study (n = 631, average age = 75.9 years) was investigated. Bone parameters were measured using DXA. Serum levels of total testosterone (T) and dihydrotestosterone (DHT) were measured by gas chromatography/mass spectroscopy (GC-MS); androstane-3alpha,17beta-diol-3glucuronide (3G) and androstane-3alpha,17beta-diol-17glucuronide (17G) were measured by liquid chromatography/mass spectroscopy. Prostate volume (n = 159) was measured by transrectal ultrasound. RESULTS: The general pattern is that two of the glucuronidated androgen metabolites, namely 17G and 3G, are stronger positive predictors of BMD than the bioactive androgens (T and DHT). In addition, 17G is a clear positive predictor of prostate volume, explaining 4.5% of the variance in prostate volume, whereas the bioactive androgens do not display any association with prostate volume. CONCLUSIONS: Serum levels of specific glucuronidated androgen metabolites predict BMD and prostate volume in elderly men. Future studies should determine if the glucuronidated androgen metabolites also reflect other biological correlates of androgenic activity, including prostate cancer, and if low levels might be a marker of general androgen deficiency in men. 相似文献
2.
3.
4.
Altered natural killer cell repertoire in Tap-1 mutant mice. 总被引:1,自引:1,他引:0
H G Ljunggren L Van Kaer H L Ploegh S Tonegawa 《Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America》1994,91(14):6520-6524
We have analyzed the specificity and function of natural killer (NK) cells in mice with a homozygous deletion of the major histocompatibility complex (MHC)-encoded transporter gene associated with MHC class I-restricted antigen presentation (Tap-1). These mice express very low levels of class I molecules at the cell surface, and these molecules are either devoid of peptide or occupied only by TAP-independent peptides. NK cells in Tap-1 -/- mice, through normal in number, appeared tolerant toward autologous Tap-1 -/- Con A-activated blasts, Tap-1 -/- as well as allogeneic BALB/c bone marrow cells, and RMA-S tumor cell grafts. In contrast, they killed YAC-1 cells as efficiently as did NK cells from wild-type mice. Defective Tap-1 expression was sufficient to render nontransformed target cells sensitive to NK cell-mediated lysis. It is concluded that proper expression of TAP molecules is necessary for normal development of NK cells, as well as for rendering target cells resistant to NK cell-mediated lysis. These results support the hypothesis that class I molecules of the MHC influence the sensitivity of target cells to lysis by NK cells, as well as the development of the NK cell repertoire. 相似文献
5.
A R Young H S?veland J D Pickard S Perry L Brandt B Ljunggren 《Journal of cerebral blood flow and metabolism》1987,7(2):237-247
The acute vascular effects of tetraethylammonium chloride (TEA) were examined on annular segments of rabbit basilar arteries. Contractions induced by the potassium channel blocker were compared with those obtained for potassium chloride, 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) and norepinephrine (NE). The greater magnitude of the contractions was of the following order: [K+] greater than 5-HT greater than TEA greater than NE. High concentrations of TEA alone (10(-2) M) generated spontaneous oscillatory contractions in cerebral vessels that were normally quiescent. Low concentrations of TEA (10(-8)-10(-6) M), which had no vasomotor properties per se, enhanced the contractile response of submaximal concentrations of 5-HT (10(-7) M) and NE (3 X 10(-6) M) and attenuated the contraction produced by 60 mM [K+]. An increased vascular response to the amines was still evident up to 3 h after the addition of TEA despite frequent rinsing with fresh buffer solutions. On arteries precontracted with TEA (10(-2) M), but not high [K+], the subsequent addition of 5-HT (10(-7) M) still induced a powerful constriction. Repeated concentration-response curves for [K+] were reproducible and, in the presence of TEA (10(-8) or 10(-6) M), the curve was displaced to the right in a competitive manner. A higher concentration of TEA (10(-4) M) was devoid of any blocking properties on the [K+]-induced response whereas, at 10(-3) M TEA, the response was potentiated, as evidenced by a shift of the curve to the left. Interactions between TEA and the cumulative response to 5-HT were difficult to interpret. Repeated exposures of the artery to 5-HT resulted in an increased maximal response with each determination (EAm = 127 +/- 9% and 149 +/- 14% of control values following the second and third applications, respectively). With TEA (10(-6) M), the increase in the maximal contractile effect noted previously was not observed. Contractions induced by single concentrations of TEA (10(-2) M) or [K+] (60 mM) were calcium dependent, were abolished completely in a calcium-free medium, and were depressed by the calcium antagonist nimodipine. 5-Hydroxytryptamine-induced contractions (10(-5) M) were less sensitive to withdrawal of calcium from the extracellular medium (31 +/- 6% relative to the maximal response at 4 mM calcium). Hence, an acute reduction in potassium conductance in cerebrovascular smooth muscle produced by TEA has complex, concentration-dependent effects and reproduces only part of the spectrum of effects of cisternal injection of blood on cerebrovascular reactivity. 相似文献
6.
7.
M J Mialdea J Martin J J Gaforio I Algarra M Pérez A Gonzalez H G Ljunggren F Garrido 《International journal of cancer. Journal international du cancer》1992,52(1):153-158
GR9 is a chemically induced fibrosarcoma composed of clones with different H-2 class-I expression. These clones differ with respect to local growth and spontaneous metastasis. The B9 clone (H-2 negative) is highly tumorigenic (local growth) but of low metastatic potential (spontaneous metastasis assay). We have analyzed the effect that transfection of H-2Dd and H-2Kd genes on this clone have upon local growth, lung colonization after i.v. injection and ability to form spontaneous metastases. The results showed that the effect on local growth of transfection of the Kd-gene was stronger than that of the Dd gene. In addition, B9 co-transfected with H-2Kd and Dd genes showed the highest immunogenic properties in syngeneic BALB/c mice. Interestingly, the pSV2-neo transfected clone gave almost the same result as that obtained with Dd transfection. Lung colonization after i.v. injection of the different clones (experimental metastasis), paralleled the results obtained for local growth: the number of lung nodules followed the cadence KdDd less than Kd less than Dd less than pSV2. Survival of mice was always inversely correlated with local growth, e.g., all mice injected with 5 x 10(5) B9 H-2KdDd transfected cells survived. In contrast, no mice injected with the B9 control did. These differences were abrogated in irradiated and nude BALB/c mice. Finally, all transfected clones remained non-metastatic in a spontaneous metastasis assay, behaving as the control, non-transfected B9 cells. 相似文献
8.
H. Brändström P. Gerdhem F. Stiger K. J. Obrant H. Melhus Ö. Ljunggren A. Kindmark K. Åkesson 《Calcified tissue international》2003,74(1):18-24
Osteoprotegerin (OPG), a secreted member of the tumor necrosis factor receptor family, is a potent inhibitor of osteoclast activation and differentiation. In animal models OPG prevents bone loss, and in humans bone resorption can be reduced by injections of OPG. OPG may also play a role in cardiovascular disease since mice lacking the OPG gene display arterial calcification. In a screening effort of the OPG gene, we recently discovered a single nucleotide polymorphism in the promoter region of OPG (T950C), and reported an association with vascular morphology and function in 59 healthy individuals. Due to the pronounced effect of OPG on bone turnover, the present study was conducted to investigate whether OPG polymorphisms are also associated with bone mineral density or with fracture. The relationship between single nucleotide polymorphisms in the promoter region of OPG (T950C) and the first intron (C1217T), and bone mineral density, measured by DXA in the hip or spine or ultrasound of the heel, was investigated in the Malmö OPRA-study of 1044 women, all 75 years old. The possible relation to fracture incidence was also analyzed. Among the 858 and 864 individuals respectively, genotyped, no significant associations between the investigated single nucleotide polymorphisms and bone mineral density measurements (T950C P = 0.50–0.64, C1217T P = 0.51–1.00), quantitative ultrasound measurements of the calcaneus, or fractures (T950C P = 0.61–0.66, C1217T P = 0.14–0.33) were found. Thus, our results show that polymorphisms in the OPG gene, one of which has previously been found to be associated with cardiovascular morphology and function, are not associated with bone mineral density in elderly Swedish women. 相似文献
9.
Salcedo M Colucci F Dyson PJ Cotterill LA Lemonnier FA Kourilsky P Di Santo JP Ljunggren HG Abastado JP 《European journal of immunology》2000,30(4):1094-1101
NK cells acquire the ability to recognize MHC class I molecules during development. Studies with Qa-1(b) tetramers (Qa-1 tetramers) showed that nearly all NK1.1(+) cells from newborn C57BL/6 mice express Qa-1-binding receptors. Cytotoxic activity of these cells is fully inhibited by Qa-1 ligands on target cells. In contrast, neither receptors for H-2K(b) nor H-2D(b) were observed on NK1.1(+) cells from newborn mice. After birth, frequencies of Qa-1 tetramer(+)/ NK1.1(+) cells gradually decrease as the number of Ly49(+) /NK1.1(+) cells increases. Cell transfer studies showed that Qa-1 tetramer(+) cells from newborn mice do not lose expression of Qa-1 receptors, but that they further acquire expression of Ly49 molecules. Acquisition of Qa-1-binding receptors appears largely independent of host MHC class I molecules, as observed in studies using beta2-microglobulin-deficient (beta2m(-/-)) mice as well as K(b)/ D(b-/-) and K(b)/D(b)/beta2m(-/-) mice. The present results suggest that Qa-1-binding receptors play an important role in the specificity of developing NK cells, and suggest that these cells rely mainly on inhibitory receptors specific for non-classical MHC class I molecules to maintain self tolerance during the first weeks of life. 相似文献
10.