Die Typhusbeobachtungen in Berlin in den Jahren 1879–1881

Ohne Zusammenfassung     

Evaluation and audit in a paediatric disability service

Parental and professional responses to questionnaires evaluating a paediatric disability service are reported and the viability of auditing structural, process, and outcome aspects of clinical practice are discussed. Expectations of waiting time to first appointment (met for only 52% of consumers) illustrate structural issues. Process issues are reflected in consumer reactions to outreach work (for example, 94% of parents and 84% of professionals found this supportive). Outcome measures such as consumer satisfaction with the service (76% of consumers reported being 'very satisfied' and 20% 'fairly satisfied') suggest that service aims are being met. Good concurrence of service aims with consumer needs is indicated by parental reasons for referral (for example, 75% for diagnostic help, 73% for a better understanding of the disorder, 88% for practical help), referrers' reasons (for example, 55% for a second diagnostic opinion, 45% due to lack of local expertise), and reports from most other professionals involved with the case that a similar service was not provided locally.     

Secretion of salivary immunoglobulin a in relation to age,saliva flow,mood states,secretion of albumin,cortisol, and catecholamines in saliva

Salivary immunoglobulin A (IgA) is one characteristic humoral factor of the local immune system in the upper respiratory tract. Epidemiological studies emphasize the importance of secretory IgA in the protection from infections of the upper respiratory tract. However, due to high interindividual variability of secretion of salivary IgA, it remains difficult to define normal ranges. This series of studies focused on identification of factors influencing basal secretion of salivary IgA. The results indicate a significant relationship between age and salivary IgA concentration. Children below 7 years have lower salivary IgA concentration than children above 7 years or adults. Furthermore, a significant inverse relationship between saliva flow and salivary IgA concentration was found. Gender, mood states, salivary albumin, salivary catecholamines, and salivary cortisol were not associated with salivary IgA. It can be concluded that for defining normal ranges of salivary IgA, age and saliva flow have to be considered.     

Origin of impulse initiation in the slowly adapting stretch receptor of the crayfish

Summary Characteristic for the crayfish stretch receptor is a gradual decrease in axon diameter up to a stretch of axon about 350 m away from the soma-axon border. In response to depolarizing currents applied at different positions along the axon this stretch of axon can be localized as the most excitable membrane region. When depolarizing current steps of 10–25 nA intensity are injected into the soma the first impulse is always triggered in the soma (due to sudden rise in the membrane potential) while the second impulse originates at the axon region of highest escitability. As the intensity of the stimulus is increased the site of impulse initiation along the axon shifts nearer to the receptor soma. At a stimulus intensity of 50 nA the second impulse is suppressed and only the membrane potential at the axon hillock increases slightly. An analysis of the conductances for sodium and potassium ions as well as of the leakage current suggests that the molecular basis for the observed variations in excitability resides in a gradual decrease of the sodium conductance between the cell soma and the small-diameter region of the axon. However, the resting potential in this most excitable axon region is only some 3 mV more positive as compared to the receptor soma. A mathematical formulation is presented for the encoder mechanism in a soma-axon region with varying diameter. Using a slightly modified form of the Hodgkin-Huxley equations the experimentally observed changes in membrane potential and in the time course of the ionic currents can be adequately described by applying a nonlinear cable equation to the inhomogeneous axon.     

The Role of the Calcium Channel α2δ-1 Subunit in Skeletal Muscle

Journal of Muscle Research and Cell Motility -     

Agenesis of the corpus callosum in two brothers.

Two brothers with developmental delay and unusual cranial configurations were found to have agenesis of the corpus callosum (ACC) by CT scan. Six published families in which ACC occurred in the absence of extracranial malformations are reviewed. No single mode of inheritance can account for all of these familial cases. This family illustrates the value of CT scanning in evaluating children with developmental delay.     

Die zeitlich-räumliche Verteilung von COVID-19 in Köln und beeinflussende soziale Faktoren im Zeitraum Februar 2020 bis Oktober 2021

Bundesgesundheitsblatt - Gesundheitsforschung - Gesundheitsschutz - Schon in der frühen Phase der global sehr verschieden verlaufenden COVID-19-Pandemie zeigten sich Hinweise auf den Einfluss...     

Electroencephalographically determined sedative effects (vigilosomnography) of the new Thienodiazepin-derivate clotiazepam (author's transl)

In a double blind, randomized clinical study eighteen volunteers received either placebo or 5 mg diazepam or 5 mg clotiazepam at three different times at an interval of one week. Beside other parameters which have been measured a 60-minute polygraphic EEG recording was made thirty minutes after administration of the drugs. The vigilosomnograms revealed clear and reliable differences between placebo and the two active substances and suggest a sedative effect of both substances at the dose level used. There was only a slight difference between the two active substances. 5 mg clotiazepam produced a slightly stronger sedation than 5 mg diazepam. However, the records of autonomic side effects and subjective statements regarding the patients' condition showed that clotiazepam is associated with less side effects than diazepam.