Insufficient Fruit and Vegetable Intake and Low Potassium Intake Aggravate Early Renal Damage in Children: A Longitudinal Study

Insufficient fruit and vegetable intake (FVI) and low potassium intake are associated with many non-communicable diseases, but the association with early renal damage in children is uncertain. We aimed to identify the associations of early renal damage with insufficient FVI and daily potassium intake in a general pediatric population. We conducted four waves of urine assays based on our child cohort (PROC) study from October 2018 to November 2019 in Beijing, China. We investigated FVI and other lifestyle status via questionnaire surveys and measured urinary potassium, β₂-microglobulin (β₂-MG), and microalbumin (MA) excretion to assess daily potassium intake and renal damage among 1914 primary school children. The prevalence of insufficient FVI (<4/d) was 48.6% (95% CI: 46.4%, 50.9%) and the estimated potassium intake at baseline was 1.63 ± 0.48 g/d. Short sleep duration, long screen time, lower estimated potassium intake, higher β₂-MG and MA excretion were significantly more frequent in the insufficient FVI group. We generated linear mixed effects models and observed the bivariate associations of urinary β₂-MG and MA excretion with insufficient FVI (β = 0.012, 95% CI: 0.005, 0.020; β = 0.717, 95% CI: 0.075, 1.359), and estimated potassium intake (β = −0.042, 95% CI: −0.052, −0.033; β = −1.778, 95% CI: −2.600, −0.956), respectively; after adjusting for age, sex, BMI, SBP, sleep duration, screen time and physical activity. In multivariate models, we observed that urinary β₂-MG excretion increased with insufficient FVI (β = 0.011, 95% CI: 0.004, 0.018) and insufficient potassium intake (<1.5 g/d) (β = 0.031, 95% CI: 0.023, 0.038); and urinary MA excretion increased with insufficient FVI (β = 0.658, 95% CI: 0.017, 1.299) and insufficient potassium intake (β = 1.185, 95% CI: 0.492, 1.878). We visualized different quartiles of potassium intake showing different renal damage with insufficient FVI for interpretation and validation of the findings. Insufficient FVI and low potassium intake aggravate early renal damage in children and underscores that healthy lifestyles, especially adequate FVI, should be advocated.     

人免疫缺陷病毒1(HIV-1)膜蛋白基因片段在酵母中的克隆表达

目的为获得足够量的膜糖蛋白,以便于对不同ＨＩＶ分离株膜糖蛋白的结构与功能进行进一步的研究。方法从人免疫缺陷病毒１（ＨＩＶ－１）ＨＸＢ２分离株原病毒基因组的重组质粒ｐＨＸＢ２中克隆了两段膜糖蛋白基因（ＥＮＶ）片段。以酵母穿梭诱导表达质粒ｐＹＥＳ２为载体,构建了两个相应的重组表达质粒ｐＹＥＮＶ１和ｐＹＥＮＶ２;进一步利用大肠杆菌β－半乳糖苷酶基因（β－ｌａｃＺ）构建了ＨＩＶ－１膜外糖蛋白ＤＮＡ片段与β－ｌａｃＺ基因的融合表达质粒。将此３种质粒分别转化单细胞真核生物酿酒酵母ＢＪ１９９１,得到的转化子经半乳糖诱导表达后进行菌体全蛋白的ＳＤＳ－ＰＡＧＥ分析。结果克隆的基因片段在酿酒酵母中产生了分子质量为５０×１０３的特异性诱导蛋白;对含此融合表达质粒的酵母转化子半乳糖诱导后表达产物的免疫检测表明,与对照菌株相比,融合表达产物具有和ＨＩＶ－１阳性血清抗体反应的抗原性。结论可通过β－半乳糖苷酶活性的测定直接指示抗原片段的表达;为表达的膜糖蛋白片段的进一步分离纯化打下了一定基础     

Bax抑制因子1对人妊娠期肝内胆汁淤积症胎盘滋养细胞凋亡的影响及其机制

目的：探讨Bax 抑制因子1（BI-1）对人妊娠期肝内胆汁淤积症（ICP）胎盘滋养细胞凋亡的影响及其机 制。方法：选取2018 年5 月至2019 年5 月新疆维吾尔自治区人民医院产科住院分娩的ICP 孕产妇15 例为研究对 象,设为ICP 组,另取15 例正常孕产妇作为对照组,免疫组织化学显色检测ICP 组和对照组孕妇胎盘组织BI-1 的 表达;体外培养滋养细胞系HTR8,应用不同浓度（10、50、100 μmol/L）的牛磺胆酸（TCA）进行刺激,RTPCR 及免疫印迹检测HTR8细胞BI-1 mRNA 及蛋白的表达;用过表达BI-1 的慢病毒载体感染HTR8细胞,荧光显 微镜及RT-PCR 检测感染效率后,将细胞分为对照组（NC组）、TCA处理的感染LV-NC 细胞组（TCA+LV-NC 组）、 TCA处理感染LV-BI-1 细胞组（TCA+LV-BI-1 组）;分别用Annexin V-FITC、透射电镜及JC-1 流式线粒体膜电位 检测试剂盒检测3 组滋养细胞凋亡、线粒体超微结构及线粒体膜电位;免疫印迹检测3 组细胞Cyt-C 及凋亡相关 蛋白Bcl-2、Bax 及cleaved caspase-3 的表达。结果：与对照组相比,ICP 组胎盘组织BI-1 表达显著降低;体外实 验结果显示,TCA能够显著降低HTR8细胞BI-1 mRNA及蛋白表达,且呈浓度依赖性;应用慢病毒成功建立过 表达BI-1 的滋养细胞系。与NC组细胞相比,TCA+LV-NC 组与TCA+LV-BI-1 组细胞凋亡率和线粒体损伤水平均 显著增加,线粒体膜电位明显降低;而与TCA+LV-NC 组相比,LV+BI-1 组细胞凋亡率与线粒体损伤水平均明显 降低,线粒体膜电位显著增加;过表达BI-1 能够有效阻止TCA导致的滋养细胞Bcl-2/Bax 比值的降低,以及线粒 体Cyt-C 的释放及cleaved caspase-3 表达的增加。结论：BI-1 在ICP 患者胎盘组织中的表达显著降低,而体外过 表达BI-1 可能通过上调滋养细胞中Bcl-2/Bax 比值,抑制细胞线粒体膜电位降低及结构损伤,从而减少Cyt-C 的 释放,最终降低凋亡蛋白caspase-3 活化而改善TCA诱导的凋亡作用。     

Dehydration Status Aggravates Early Renal Impairment in Children: A Longitudinal Study

Dehydration is common in children for physiological and behavioral reasons. The objective of this study was to assess changes in hydration status and renal impairment across school weekdays. We conducted a longitudinal study of three repeated measures of urinalysis within one week in November 2019 in a child cohort in Beijing, China. We measured urine specific gravity (USG) to determine the dehydration status, and the concentration of β₂-microglobulin (β₂-MG) and microalbumin (MA) to assess renal function impairment among 1885 children with a mean age of 7.7 years old. The prevalence of dehydration was 61.9%, which was significantly higher in boys (64.3%). Using chi-square tests and linear mixed-effects regression models, we documented the trends of the renal indicators’ change over time among different hydration statuses. Compared to Mondays, there were apparent increases of β₂-MG concentrations on Wednesdays (β = 0.029, p < 0.001) and Fridays (β = 0.035, p < 0.001) in the dehydrated group, but not in the euhydrated group. As for the MA concentrations, only the decrease on Fridays (β = −1.822, p = 0.01) was significant in the euhydrated group. An increased trend of elevated β₂-MG concentration was shown in both the euhydrated group (Z = −3.33, p < 0.001) and the dehydrated group (Z = −8.82, p < 0.001). By contrast, there was a decreased trend of elevated MA concentrations in the euhydrated group (Z = 3.59, p < 0.001) but not in the dehydrated group. A new indicator ratio, β₂-MG/MA, validated the consistent trends of renal function impairment in children with dehydration. Renal impairment trends worsened as a function of school days during the week and the dehydration status aggravated renal impairment during childhood across school weekdays, especially tubular abnormalities in children.