Complications associated with maxillary nerve block anaesthesia via the greater palatine canal

This paper documents the type, frequency and duration of complications associated with regional anaesthesia of the maxillary nerve via the greater palatine canal in a series of 101 patients treated in the Oral Surgery Department, United Dental Hospital of Sydney.     

The physical dependence liability of butorphanol: a comparative study with morphine.

In these studies, the physical dependence liability of butorphanol, a mixed 'agonist/antagonist' opioid analgesic, was compared to that of morphine. Male, Sprague-Dawley rats received i.c.v. infusions of saline (1 microliter/h), or an equimolar dose of butorphanol or morphine (52.3 nmol/h) for 3 days. The physical dependence liabilities of these two compounds were then compared by assessing both behavioral withdrawal signs and weight loss following naloxone-precipitated withdrawal. Body weight loss was also evaluated following abrupt (cessation of infusion) withdrawal from butorphanol or morphine. In animals receiving i.c.v. infusions of butorphanol or morphine, naloxone administration (5 mg/kg s.c.) induced an equivalent degree of body weight loss compared to saline-treated animals. In addition, the ED50 of naloxone to produce wet shakes, escape behavior, teeth chattering, urination and defecation was equivalent in rats receiving butorphanol or morphine. Infusions of butorphanol or morphine also produced an equivalent degree of weight loss in animals undergoing abrupt withdrawal. These results demonstrate then that a substantial degree of physical dependence had developed in rats which received a large dose of butorphanol.     

Anthracycline cardiotoxicity.

Anthracycline drugs have been widely used as chemotherapeuticagents against a range of cancers, including sarcomas, carcinomas,leukaemias, and lymphomas. However, cardiotoxic effects, inparticular the development of cardiomyopathy, have limited theirclinical use. The observation of dose-dependent cardiotoxicityhas resulted in a recommended empirical dose limit of 450 mg/m²of body surface area. Age, gender, pre-existing heart disease,hypertension, and mediastinal irradiation have also been implicatedas factors contributing to the development of doxorubicin-associatedcardiomyopathy. However, cardiotoxicity may still occur at relativelylow levels of drug administration, even in individuals withno additional risk factors, and the onset may be delayed bymany years.¹ More recently, the use of trastuzumab, a monoclonalantibody directed against the HER2 receptor, has been     

Predictors of incident depression after hip fracture surgery.

OBJECTIVE: Depression after hip fracture surgery is prevalent and associated with increased mortality rates and impaired functional recovery. The incidence of new-onset depressive symptoms in patients initially not depressed after hip fracture surgery and their relationship with functional recovery is unknown. METHODS: A cohort of 139 nondepressed elderly patients (>60 years) hospitalized for hip fracture surgery were followed up for six months. Clinically significant depressive symptoms were defined as a score of 7 or more on the 15-item Geriatric Depression Scale. RESULTS: The authors found a cumulative incidence rate of 20.5% adjusted for dropouts. Multiple Cox-regression analyses yielded the presence of subthreshold symptoms of depression, anxiety, pain, and cognitive impairment at baseline, the premorbid level of mobility, and a history of (treated) depression as risk factors for incident depression (p <0.05). A forward, conditional procedure identified postoperative pain (hazard ratio [HR] = 1.32, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.14-1.53, Wald chi(2) = 13.57, df = 1, p <0.001) and baseline anxiety (HR = 1.25, 95% CI: 1.08-1.44, Wald chi(2) = 8.86, df = 1, p = 0.003) as the strongest independent risk factors. Incident depression was associated with a less favorable outcome at 3 months follow-up. CONCLUSION: This exploratory study identified two treatable baseline characteristics that predicted incident depression in nondepressed patients after hip-fracture surgery.     

Antihypertensive therapy and atherosclerosis

Hypertension and atherosclerosis make independent contributions to the pathogenesis of cardiovascular disease. Diuretics and beta adrenergic blockers, effective antihypertensive medications, exhibit some untoward effects on lipid metabolism, while most other antihypertensive medications tend not to exhibit such effects. In animal models, beta adrenergic blockers, angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors, and calcium antagonists have anti-atherogenic effects. A vascular biological approach to therapy for the patient with both hypertension and atherosclerosis is recommended. This includes effective reduction of blood pressure--preferably with agents that do not adversely affect lipid metabolism--and treatment of lipid metabolism disorders.     

Manifest orientation: the theoretical link between the anatomy of the heart and the clinical electrocardiogram

Einthoven related the apparent direction of the heart's electrical activity to the potential differences manifest in the limb leads and the axes of their orientation. From this beginning the linked concepts of heart vector and lead vector, equivalent dipole and lead field, complex heart source and complex volume conductor have continued the electrocardiographer's search for deeper insight into cardiac function from examination of the surface expression. However, this conceptual evolution has been uneven and has littered practical interpretation with diagnostic criteria that depend on assumptions of uneven validity. The good news is that some of the criteria are surprisingly helpful and that the shattering and reassembling of the conceptual framework relating the heart to the electrocardiogram may facilitate the construction of a more comprehensive and effective diagnostic approach.     

Antibody-bearing liposomes as multicolor immunofluorescence markers for flow cytometry and imaging

Loposomes covalently coupled to monoclonal antibodies retain the specificity of the antibody and bind only to cells bearing the appropriate determinant. As opposed to directly labeled antibodies which generally have fluorochrome to protein ratio of between 2–5, the entrapped space inside liposome can contain several hundred to several thousand molecules of fluorochromes in a space chemically isolated from the outside environment, thus providing the potential for an amplified fluorescence signal. We have prepared small unilamellar liposomes containing the soluble fluorochromes carboxyfluorescein (CF), which fluoresces in the green and sulforhodamine (SR), which fluoresces in the red, and covalently coupled a series of monoclonal antibodies using a heterobifunctional reagent. We were able to detect, on an Epics 753 flow cytometer equipped with an argon ion and a dye laser and by fluorescence microscopy, both single and double labeled mouse spleen lymphocyte subsets, fibroblast L cells and Raji cells. Complete color separation was obtained with CF-labeled cells being detected only by the green photomultiplier and SR-labeled cells by the red photomultiplier. Cells labeled with both were detected by both photomultipliers. Liposomes bearing anti-Ia antibodies bound only to B lymphocytes whereas those with anti-H-2K antibody bound both to T and B lymphocytes. In another system, single and dual color immunofluorescence made possible the simultaneous detection of HLA and H-2K molecules on transfected murine fibroblast L cells. The signal-to-noise ratio was more favorable for the liposome-labeled reagents than reagents labeled with fluorescein isothiocyanate. Cells labeled with antibody-bearing liposomes could be fixed with paraformaldehyde or glutaraldehyde without adversely affecting the original staining patterns. Apart from the two fluorochromes described above, other markers of choice could be encapsulated without any adverse effect on the antibody-liposome coupling procedure or on the specificity of the conjugated antibody. Since the fluorochrome is not directly coupled to the protein, there is no requirement for protein conjugation sites in order for it be usefully encapsulated inside liposomes. Therefore, this system provides new opportunities to exploit different, as yet untapped fluorochromes for use in flow cytometry and imaging.     

Mast-cell phenotype in indolent forms of mastocytosis. Ultrastructural features, fluorescence detection of avidin binding, and immunofluorescent determination of chymase, tryptase, and carboxypeptidase.

The factor(s) that causes excessive mast cell (MC) proliferation in indolent forms of mastocytosis is not known, nor is it known whether that proliferation is a regulated clonal expansion or merely a non-neoplastic hyperplasia. Human MCs display phenotypes that depend on the microenvironment. Thus, if the phenotype of MCs in mastocytosis lesions is determined to be abnormal for that tissue site (and therefore the MCs are refractory to microenvironmental signals) then a clonal process would be suggested. The authors determined the phenotypes of MCs from the lesional skin of 17 patients with indolent mastocytosis and the bone marrows of 9 patients. They compared them with the phenotypes of MCs from the lesional skin of 8 patients with various dermatitides, the skin of 2 patients with idiopathic anaphylaxis, and the breast skin of 15 control patients. MCs from all the skin specimens showed the characteristic skin MC phenotype, with predominantly scroll-poor granules by ultrastructure and containing tryptase and chymase by immunofluorescence detection (the MCTC immunophenotype). The skin MCs of each patient bound avidin and contained carboxypeptidase by immunofluorescence detection. MCs from the bone marrow of patients with indolent mastocytosis, the source of progenitors, also showed the scroll-poor and MCTC phenotypes. These findings do not support an unregulated clonal expansion in indolent forms of mastocytosis. They are consistent with a non-neoplastic hyperplasia or possibly a clonal process in which MCs remain responsive to microenvironmental regulation.     

In vitro degradation of silk fibroin

A significant need exists for long-term degradable biomaterials which can slowly and predictably transfer a load-bearing burden to developing biological tissue. In this study Bombyx mori silk fibroin yarns were incubated in 1mg/ml Protease XIV at 37 degrees C to create an in vitro model system of proteolytic degradation. Samples were harvested at designated time points up to 12 weeks and (1) prepared for scanning electron microscopy (SEM), (2) lyophilized and weighed, (3) mechanical properties determined using a servohydraulic Instron 8511, (4) dissolved and run on a SDS-PAGE gel, and (5) characterized with Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. Control samples were incubated in phosphate-buffered saline. Fibroin was shown to proteolytically degrade with predictable rates of change in fibroin diameter, failure strength, cycles to failure, and mass. SEM indicated increasing fragmentation of individual fibroin filaments from protease-digested samples with time of exposure to the enzyme; particulate debris was present within 7 days of incubation. Gel electrophoresis indicated a decreasing amount of the silk 25 kDa light chain and a shift in the molecular weight of the heavy chain with increasing incubation time in protease. Results support that silk is a mechanically robust biomaterial with predictable long-term degradation characteristics.