Valor de la escala ASPECTS de circulación posterior y del índice puente-mesencéfalo en imágenes de TC sin contraste y angiografía por TC en pacientes con oclusiones de la arteria basilar recanalizados tras trombectomía mecánica

Purpose

Endovascular treatment with mechanical thrombectomy devices demonstrated high recanalization rates but functional outcome did not correlate with high rates of recanalization obtained. Patient selection prior to the endovascular treatment is very important in the final outcome of the patient. The primary aim of our study was to evaluate the prognostic value of posterior circulation Alberta Stroke Program Early CT Score (pc-ASPECTS) and Pons-Midbrain Index (PMI) scores in patients with Basilar Artery Occlusion (BAO) treated with successful angiographic recanalization after mechanical thrombectomy.

Coats plus syndrome (cerebroretinal microangiopathy with calcifications and cysts‐1): A case report

We present a 6‐year‐old girl with skin hyperpigmentation, leukoplakia, and onychodystrophy, the classic mucocutaneous triad usually associated with dyskeratosis congenita. The patient also had premature graying of the hair, bone marrow failure, hepatitis, exudative retinopathy, osteopenia with multiple long bone fractures, and intracranial calcifications and brain cysts. Coats plus syndrome is a rare disease with a clinical and genetic overlap with dyskeratosis congenita. This disease is reviewed, with a focus on the pathogenesis of the genetic anomalies and its background as a telomere biology disorder.     

Diabetes im Alter

Zusammenfassung In Deutschland leiden 25% der über 70-Jährigen unter einem Diabetes mellitus. Biologisch ältere, multimorbide und in ihren Funktionen beeinträchtigte geriatrische Patienten benötigen spezielle Vorgehensweisen bei Zielplanung, Allgemeinmaßnahmen und Pharmakotherapie. Auf der Basis der vorhandenen Leitlinien werden gesicherte Erkenntnisse dargestellt und Empfehlungen zu den Besonderheiten der Therapie des geriatrischen Diabetespatienten gegeben. Besonderes Augenmerk liegt dabei auf der Interaktion von geriatrischen Syndromen und Diabetes sowie der Verbesserung der Lebensqualität.     

Evidence of lowest brain penetration of an antiemetic drug, metopimazine, compared to domperidone, metoclopramide and chlorpromazine, using an in vitro model of the blood-brain barrier.

PURPOSE: The objective of the current study was to determine the ability of some antiemetic compounds to cross the blood-brain barrier (BBB) and thereby to determine possible side effects of compounds for the central nervous system (CNS). METHODS: We compared the brain penetration of some antiemetic compounds using an in vitro BBB model consisting in brain capillary endothelial cells co-cultured with primary rat glial cells. RESULTS: This study clearly demonstrated that the metopimazine metabolite, metopimazine acid, has a very low brain penetration, lower than metopimazine and even less than the other antiemetic compounds tested in this study. CONCLUSIONS: The poor brain penetration of metopimazine acid, metopimazine biodisponible form, seems very likely related to the clinically observed difference in therapeutic and safety profile.     

Use of Indwelling Pleural Catheter in the Outpatient Management of Recurrent Malignant Pleural Effusion

IntroductionTo analyse the effectiveness and safety of the indwelling pleural catheter in the management of recurrent malignant pleural effusion.Patients and methodsA prospective multicentre study was performed in 63 consecutive outpatients from four Spanish hospitals. A total of 43 men and 20 women were included, with a median age of 67 years. In seven of the cases treatment with pleurodesis had failed; in five other cases their lung was trapped; in another five cases after repeat therapeutic thoracocentesis, and the rest of them as a preference choice to pleurodesis. All patients had an indwelling pleural catheter inserted (PleurX^®, Denver Biomedical).ResultsMost of patients (94.5%) reported an improvement in their respiratory symptoms (cough and dyspnoea) and their ability to function independently. Average length of the catheterisation was 45 days (6-222). Average amount of drained pleural effusion was 75 ml, with a frequency of drainage of between 3 and 4 times per week and once fortnightly. Spontaneous pleurodesis was achieved following 34.9% of procedures. No complications occurred during the insertion of the catheter. The post-catheterisation complications were empyema (3 cases), chest pain (2 cases), and tumour metastasis (3 cases).ConclusionsThe use of an indwelling pleural catheter is an effective palliative treatment in the outpatient management for patients suffering malignant pleural effusion. It is also a simple treatment that can be easily applied, does not require hospitalisation and can be easily managed by the patient at home, with a low rate of complications.     

The echocardiographic evolution of left ventricular hypertrophy in treated hypertensive patients. A long-term follow-up]

In order to study the possible regressive changes of left ventricular hypertrophy in treated hypertensive patients and to correlate them either with the drugs they received and/or the blood pressure reduction obtained, a long-term (6 years) echocardiographic follow-up study was performed in 61 patients. B and M mode echocardiographic septum and posterior wall thickness and left ventricular mass index were measured yearly and the type of ventricular hypertrophy, asymmetric septal or concentric (symmetric), were compared before and after the follow-up. Sixteen patients received only diuretics; 14, only propranolol, and associated therapy was used in the remaining 31 patients. Average blood pressure was significantly reduced in the whole group of patients, but, individually, 30 of them achieved normal levels for the diastolic (90 mmHg), remaining it over this value in the other, although all of them experienced an average reduction 10 mmHg with therapy. Those patients with concentric hypertrophy at entry showed a significant septal, posterior wall thickness and total ventricular mass reduction during the follow-up, those with initial asymmetric septal hypertrophy, a significant septal thickness and ventricular mass reduction, and those without hypertrophy on admission, showed an average paradoxical increase in septal thickness. We conclude that left ventricular hypertrophy disappeared or decreased in 48% of the patients and that treatment seems to prevent its progression or development in the 43% of all patients. The regressive or favorable changes were significantly more frequent among patients with normal blood pressure after treatment as well as among patients treated only with propranolol in comparison to those treated only with diuretics.     

Volumetrical measurements in vestibular schwannoma, the influence of slice thickness and patient's repositioning.

OBJECTIVE: Conservative treatment in vestibular schwannomas is mainly dependent on optimal tumor size determination. The first objective of this study was to establish interobserver and intraobserver variability and the accuracy and reproducibility of three different measurement methods: one bidimensional and two volumetrical. The second objective was to evaluate the influence of the use of different magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) slice thickness and the influence of patient's repositioning on the measurements' outcome. STUDY DESIGN: Two consecutive studies have been prospectively performed, both mainly concerning volumetrical measurements. SETTING: Both studies were performed in a tertiary academic, multidisciplinary center. PATIENTS: In the first study, 19 patients were included between March 1996 and May 2002, with a total of 52 scans. The second study comprised 14 patients. All patients in the first study had at least two MRI examinations performed according to a standard protocol (T1-weighted gadolinium-enhanced, slice thickness of 3 mm, and interslice gap of 0.3 mm). The population in the second study underwent a conservative wait and scan (W&S) treatment. METHODS: Both studies are discussed separately. In the first study, all scans were measured by four investigators, two of whom performed the measurements twice using three different methods. The first method concerns a manually performed bidimensional surface measurement along the petrous pyramid. The second method concerns a semiautomatic volumetrical measurement on a computer, relying on contour detection, and the last method concerns a fully automatic volume reconstruction also performed on a computer using different gray shade scales.All 14 patients included in the second study underwent three magnetic examinations. Three different T1-weighted gadolinium-enhanced sequences were used: the first using a slice thickness of 1 mm, the second again with 1-mm slice thickness but after having repositioned the patient. In the third sequence, a slice thickness of 3 mm was used. All scans were measured by two investigators using the three different methods, as described previously. RESULTS: The manual surface method shows large intraobserver variability, and its reproducibility is significantly lower compared with volume measurements. Because of a relatively large systematic error in small tumors, sensitivity of growth detection is low. Both volumetrical methods are hardly interobserver- and intraobserver-dependent, and the gray shade method turned out to be the most accurate. Radiologic progression is only significant at a volume increase of at least 50%. The influence of patient repositioning is negligible, whereas the use of 1-mm slice thickness seems to be superior to a 3-mm slice thickness. CONCLUSION: The volumetrical gray shade method is the most accurate method to detect early tumor progression. As tumor increase of at least 50% is needed to be able to speak of statistically significant tumor growth, the absence of radiologic progression does not mean that there is no tumor growth. Repositioning of the patient has no influence on the measurements' outcome, whereas for optimal magnetic resonance imaging examinations, a 1-mm slice thickness protocol seems to be superior.     

The usefulness of transesophageal echocardiography in the diagnosis of pulmonary thromboembolism]

Three cases with suspected pulmonary artery embolism are presented, in which transesophageal echocardiography showed a mass in the right pulmonary artery consistent with thrombus. The relevant diagnostic contributions of transesophageal echocardiography are discussed.