Hat Veränderung der Temperatur des im Hirn cirkulirenden Blutes Einfluss auf die Centra der Herz- und Gefässnerven?

Ohne Zusammenfassung     

Emergence and persistence of Pseudomonas aeruginosa in the cystic fibrosis airway.

Colonization in the respiratory tracts of cystic fibrosis (CF) patients by mucoid Pseudomonas aeruginosa correlates with the progression of bronchial airway pathology. There is a direct correlation between the incidence of Pseudomonas colonization and age, clinical score, extent of pulmonary disease, severity of radiographic changes, and level of serum immunoglobulins. The central propensity to Pseudomonas colonization in patients with CF is not freely understood, but we discuss the acquisition and persistence of P aeruginosa in the CF airway. Elucidation of pathogenetic mechanisms of CF inflammatory airways disease is the first essential step to initiating novel therapies. It has been difficult to prove that the ability of P aeruginosa to adhere to the respiratory epithelium and provide selective advantage for this gram-negative bacillus over other potential pathogens for infection in the CF airway. However, flexible filaments (pili) extending from the Pseudomonas cell wall are thought to medicate epithelial cell adherence for nonmucoid P aeruginosa, and similarly, the gelatinous exopolysaccharide alginate produced by mucoid variants of P aeruginosa seems to be the adhesive to tracheal cells. Following the signal event of adherence, this bacterial pathogen competes successfully for iron cofactor and multiplies, releasing proteases with broad substrate specificities that dramatically alter the airway antiprotease screen, and the pathogen creates defects in local antibacterial defenses. Lung inflammation in CF is characterized by massive neutrophil infiltration. Although critical to host defense, neutrophils also cause progressive airway damage by release of bioactive lipids, oxygen metabolites, and granule enzymes such as hydrolases, myeloperoxidase (MPO), lysozyme, and neutral serine proteases. The necessarily circumscribed discussion that follows will focus narrowly on the host cell-derived factors (macrophages and neutrophils) proposed as important components in this pathogenetic scheme.     

Zur Casuistik des Echinococcus im Menschen

Ohne Zusammenfassung     

Uroscopy in the 21st century: high-field NMR spectroscopy

From the experiments described, it can be seen that there are different research approaches that can be taken and these are summarized in Table 1. Whereas much scientific research is principally hypothesis led, there remains, nevertheless, an important place for exploratory research. High resolution NMR can measure, directly and simultaneously, a wide range of endogenous metabolites in biological fluids and has the unique capability of providing structural information on the metabolites detected. It has proved to be a powerful research tool with which to study inherited metabolic diseases, renal disease, drug metabolism, and toxicity, and can be used to monitor the effects of drug therapy. For instance, by using a library of experimental toxins one can map the metabolic profile of site-specific nephron injury. With this approach in man one could eventually take an unknown disease such as Balkan nephropathy and predict the initial site of tubular injury, the mode of injury and therefore the kind of toxin capable of producing that injury. NMR spectroscopic techniques are still advancing rapidly, with ever increasing sensitivity and sophistication of NMR pulse sequences to enhance structural elucidation in complex mixtures. Given the advances in directly coupled HPLC-NMR and even HPLC-NMR-mass spectroscopy it is likely that these technologies in conjunction with pattern recognition will make major contribution to our understanding of renal processes and provide new diagnostic insights in the 21st century.      

Decision support in psychiatry – a comparison between the diagnostic outcomes using a computerized decision support system versus manual diagnosis

Background  

Correct diagnosis in psychiatry may be improved by novel diagnostic procedures. Computerized Decision Support Systems (CDSS) are suggested to be able to improve diagnostic procedures, but some studies indicate possible problems. Therefore, it could be important to investigate CDSS systems with regard to their feasibility to improve diagnostic procedures as well as to save time.     

Candidacidal factors in murine bronchoalveolar lavage fluid.

Respiratory secretions provide an efficient method for protecting the large surface area of the lower respiratory tract. To determine whether lung secretions contribute to antifungal defenses, we tested bronchoalveolar lavage fluid for fungicidal activity. Candida albicans (blastoconidia) was incubated in unconcentrated cell-free lavage fluid from Swiss Webster mice and then cultured quantitatively to measure residual viability. In control buffer the residual fractions of viable fungi were 1.03 +/- 0.12 at 60 min and 0.84 +/- 0.05 at 120 min, whereas the residual fractions in lavage fluid were 0.64 +/- 0.07 and 0.23 +/- 0.05, respectively (P less than 0.05 by t tests). This activity was trypsin sensitive and heat stable (56 degrees C) and did not require divalent cations. It did not sediment with the surfactant fraction of lung lavage fluid. Unconcentrated lavage fluid reduced the adherence of C. albicans to serum-coated glass tubes to 2.3 +/- 1.5% of that of control Candida suspensions (n = 5, P less than 0.05 by t test). It did not alter Candida ingestion or intracellular processing by alveolar macrophages. Lavage fluid also killed clinical isolates of Candida tropicalis and Torulopsis glabrata but did not kill Candida krusei or Candida parapsilosis. Lavage fluid was concentrated and passed through an acrylamide-agarose gel matrix. The chromatogram indicated that the candidacidal activity eluted in a peak with a molecular weight range of 29,000 to 40,000. After electrophoresis on 15% sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gels, these fractions resolved into three bands. These were transferred to nitrocellulose and then eluted with Triton X-100; this procedure permitted the isolation of a single band of candidacidal activity with a molecular weight of 29,000. In summary, murine lavage fluid contains a heat-stable protein with direct antifungal activity. This soluble factor may contribute to lung defense processes by reducing fungal viability and adherence to tissue surfaces.     

Immunohistochemical and ultrastructural analysis of a mammary cystic hypersecretory carcinoma

Cystic hypersecretory carcinoma (CHC) is a rare variant of intraductal carcinoma. A CHC in a 50-year-old woman was excised and processed for light and electron microscopy and immunohistochemistry. The tumor had a marked cystic appearance. The walls of the cysts consisted of epithelial and myoepithelial cells and a well-developed basement membrane. The epithelial cells contained well-developed rough-surfaced endoplasmatic reticulum and Golgi apparatus. Secretory granules were not detected, with the exception of a few mucus-producing cells. The secretion was predominantly homogenous, reminiscent of thyroid colloid, and demonstrated distinct PAS positivity. The cells displayed a strong labeling with epithelial membrane antigen (EMA) and EMA-positive structures were observed within the intraluminal secretion, too. Some of these were stained by alcian blue. In addition, the colloid-like material was admixed with mucus showing a filamentous internal structure and lipid droplets resulting in some heterogenity of the secretion. Intraductal micropapillary proliferation in some of the cysts and adjacent nondistended ducts was a further defining feature of the tumor. Steroid hormone receptor and Ki-67 proliferation marker immuno his Tochemistry showed scattered positivity among the tumor cells. These results are in agreement with previous observations and further clarify the nature of this low-grade in situ cancer.     

A review of the physiological and histological effects of laser osteotomy

Osteotomy is the surgical cutting of bone. Some obstacles to laser osteotomy have been melting, carbonisation and subsequent delayed healing. New cooled scanning techniques have resulted in effective bone cuts without the strong thermal side effects, which were observed by inappropriate irradiation techniques with continuous wave and long pulsed lasers. With these new techniques, osteotomy gaps histologically healed with new bone formation without any noticeable or minimum thermal damage. No significant cellular differences in bone healing between laser and mechanical osteotomies were noticed. Some studies even suggest that the healing rate may be enhanced following laser osteotomy compared to conventional mechanical osteotomy. Additional research is necessary to evaluate different laser types with appropriate laser setting variables to increase ablation rates, with control of depth, change in bone type and damage to adjacent soft tissue. Laser osteotomy has the potential to become incorporated into the armamentarium of bone surgery.