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1.
Andy KH Lim 《World journal of gastroenterology : WJG》2020,26(10):1020-1028
Rhabdomyolysis is a syndrome of skeletal muscle injury with release of cellular constituents such as potassium,phosphate,urate and intracellular proteins such as myoglobin into the circulation,which may cause complications including acute kidney injury,electrolyte disturbance and cardiac instability.Abnormal liver function tests are frequently observed in cases of severe rhabdomyolysis.Typically,there is an increase in serum aminotransferases,namely aspartate aminotransferase and alanine aminotransferase.This raises the question of liver injury and often triggers a pathway of investigation which may lead to a liver biopsy.However,muscle can also be a source of the increased aminotransferase activity.This review discusses the dilemma of finding abnormal liver function tests in the setting of muscle injury and the potential implications of such an association.It delves into some of the clinical and experimental evidence for correlating muscle injury to raised aminotransferases,and discusses pathophysiological mechanisms such as oxidative stress which may cause actual liver injury.Serum aminotransferases lack tissue specificity to allow clinicians to distinguish primary liver injury from muscle injury.This review also explores potential approaches to improve the accuracy of our diagnostic tools,so that excessive or unnecessary liver investigations can be avoided. 相似文献
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3.
王伏虎 《南京医科大学学报(英文版)》2002,16(2):49-64
Stroke is a debilitating disease that affects millions each year.While in many cases cerebral ischemic in jury can be limited by effectivw resuscitation or thrombolytic treatment,the injured neurons wither in a process known as delayed neuronal death(DND).Mounting evidence indicates that DND is not simply necrosis played out in slow motion but apoptosis is triggered.Of particular interest are two groups of signal proteins that participate in apoptosis-cyclin dependent kinases(CDKs) and p53-among a myriad of signaling events after an ischemic insult.Recent investigations have shown that CDKs,a family of enzymes initially known for their role in cell cycle regulation,are activated in injured neurons in DND.As for p53,new reports suggest that its up-regulation may represent a failed attempt to rescue in jured neurons,although its up-regulation was previously considered an indication of apoptosis.These observations thus rekindle an old quest to identify new neuroprotective targets to minimize the stroke damage.In this review,the author will examine the evidence that indicates the participation of CDKs and p53 in DND and then introduce pre-clinical data to explore CDK inhibition as a potential neuroprotective target.Finally,using CDK inhibition as an example,this paper will discuss the pertinent criteria for a viable neuroprotective strategy for ischemic in jury. 相似文献
4.
5.
Androgen receptor YAC transgenic mice carrying CAG 45 alleles show trinucleotide repeat instability 总被引:1,自引:15,他引:1
La Spada AR; Peterson KR; Meadows SA; McClain ME; Jeng G; Chmelar RS; Haugen HA; Chen K; Singer MJ; Moore D; Trask BJ; Fischbeck KH; Clegg CH; McKnight GS 《Human molecular genetics》1998,7(6):959-967
X-linked spinal and bulbar muscular atrophy (SBMA) is caused by a CAG
repeat expansion in the first exon of the androgen receptor (AR) gene.
Disease-associated alleles (37-66 CAGs) change in length when transmitted
from parents to offspring, with a significantly greater tendency to shift
size when inherited paternally. As transgenic mice carrying human AR cDNAs
with 45 and 66 CAG repeats do not display repeat instability, we attempted
to model trinucleotide repeat instability by generating transgenic mice
with yeast artificial chromosomes (YACs) carrying AR CAG repeat expansions
in their genomic context. Studies of independent lines of AR YAC transgenic
mice with CAG 45 alleles reveal intergenerational instability at an overall
rate of approximately 10%. We also find that the 45 CAG repeat tracts are
significantly more unstable with maternal transmission and as the
transmitting mother ages. Of all the CAG/CTG repeat transgenic mice
produced to date the AR YAC CAG 45 mice are unstable with the smallest
trinucleotide repeat mutations, suggesting that the length threshold for
repeat instability in the mouse may be lowered by including the appropriate
flanking human DNA sequences. By sequence-tagged site content analysis and
long range mapping we determined that one unstable transgenic line has
integrated an approximately 70 kb segment of the AR locus due to
fragmentation of the AR YAC. Identification of the cis - acting elements
that permit CAG tract instability and the trans -acting factors that
modulate repeat instability in the AR YAC CAG 45 mice may provide insights
into the molecular basis of trinucleotide repeat instability in humans.
相似文献
6.
Like enteroviruses, hepatitis A virus (HAV) hemagglutinated various species of erythrocytes under similar conditions. HAV-specific antibodies in both acute- and convalescent-phase sera were found to inhibit hemagglutination. The HAV hemagglutination inhibition test can be used for diagnosis, epidemiological surveillance, and vaccine assessment. 相似文献
7.
Antibody response to dengue-2 vaccine measured by two different radioimmunoassay methods 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
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P L Summers K H Eckels J M Dalrymple R M Scott V A Boyd 《Journal of clinical microbiology》1984,19(5):651-659
Two different radioimmunoassays were used to detect virus-specific antibodies in sera from human volunteers inoculated with an attenuated dengue type 2 (DEN-2) vaccine (PR-159/S-1). An indirect radioimmunoassay required purified DEN-2 virions for optimal reactivity but was 10 to 500 times more sensitive than neutralization or hemagglutination inhibition tests. An antibody capture radioimmunoassay was able to utilize crude antigens from either DEN-infected mouse brains or Aedes albopictus cell culture supernatants. When the two radioimmunoassay techniques were compared, the indirect method appeared to be the best assay for immunoglobulin G (IgG), whereas the antibody capture method was more sensitive for IgM detection. Selected human sera were examined for IgG, IgM, and IgA responses by using both techniques at various intervals after immunization. Although there were differences in magnitude, yellow fever immune as well as flavivirus nonimmune volunteers responded to DEN-2 vaccination by demonstrating IgG, IgM, and IgA antibody responses. In the nonimmune group, the most prevalent immunoglobulin detected was IgM, whereas in the yellow fever immune group, the predominant post-DEN-2 vaccine immunoglobulin was IgG. The preponderance of DEN-2-specific neutralizing antibodies were associated with either IgM or IgG according to the immune status of the volunteer. All classes of immunoglobulins attained maximum levels between 21 and 60 days postvaccination. In the majority of volunteers, IgM responses were relatively transient and could not be detected 6 months after immunization, whereas IgG and IgA antibodies were still detectable after this period. 相似文献
8.
Founder effect in spinal and bulbar muscular atrophy (SBMA) 总被引:3,自引:2,他引:3
Tanaka F; Doyu M; Ito Y; Matsumoto M; Mitsuma T; Abe K; Aoki M; Itoyama Y; Fischbeck KH; Sobue G 《Human molecular genetics》1996,5(9):1253-1257
We analyzed the polymorphic (CAG)n and (GGC)n repeats of the androgen
receptor gene in 113 unrelated X-linked spinal and bulbar muscular atrophy
(SBMA) X chromosomes and 173 control X chromosomes in Japanese males. The
control chromosomes had an average CAG repeat number of 21 +/- 3 with a
range from 14-32 repeat units, and SBMA chromosomes had a range from 40-55
with a median of 47 +/- 3 copies. The control chromosomes had seven
different alleles of the (GGC)n repeat with the range of 11 to 17; the most
frequent size of (GGC)n was 16 (79%), while (GGC)17 was very rare (1%).
However, in SBMA chromosomes only two alleles were seen; the most frequent
size of (GGC)n was 16 (61%) followed by 17 (39%). (GGC)n size distribution
was significantly different between SBMA and control chromosomes (P <
0.0001), indicating the presence of linkage disequilibrium. There was no
allelic association between the (CAG)n and (GGC)n microsatellites among
control subjects as well as SBMA patients, which suggests that a founder
effect makes a more significant contribution to generation of Japanese SBMA
chromosomes than new mutations.
相似文献
9.
Liebman J Kotranski L Loeb JG Eckels T Arnold J Needleman J 《Journal of health & social policy》1991,3(2):71-89
Pennsylvania is currently considering legislative options to expand coverage and improve access to medical care for state residents who lack health insurance. Relevant data are presented from a telephone survey of 10,809 Pennsylvania households. Almost nine percent (8.5%) of the state's population lacks health insurance, representing over one million people. Those most likely to be uninsured are children and young adults, non-whites and the poor. A substantial number of poor people are not covered by the state's Medicaid program. The uninsured report poorer health status, more obstacled to receiving care and greater use of hospital services for primary care. 相似文献
10.
Two girls (a 5 year old and a 21 month old) experiencing mononucleosis syndrome with coincidental human herpesvirus (HHV)-7 and Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) infections are described. One patient had primary HHV-7 infection and reactivated EBV infection. The other had primary HHV-7 and EBV infections. These cases indicated that HHV-7 is capable of inducing infectious mononucleosis-like illness. Multiple herpesvirus infection in one of the patients also suggests that interaction among herpesviruses can occur in vivo. The consequence of this interaction may have clinical implications. 相似文献