Sexuality and Sexual Abuse Involving Teenagers with Intellectual Disability: Community Conceptions in a Rural Village of KwaZulu-Natal,South Africa

This paper reports on participants’ views regarding factors contributing to the vulnerability of teenagers with intellectual disability to sexual abuse. The study took place at two special schools located in a village of KwaZulu-Natal. Data were gathered using by individual interviews, which were conducted in a face-to-face manner with life orientation teachers (8), school nurses (2), a clinical psychologist at the local hospital, and social workers (2). The interviews were also conducted with two parents, a traditional healer and spiritual diviner. Data was thematically analysed. The vulnerability factors were grouped into three broad categories, namely: individual, family and community factors. The existence of a number of vulnerability factors suggests that efforts to mitigate the problem should occur at various levels, with which an individual is interacting.     

老年惊厥性癫痫持续状态28例临床分析

目的观察老年惊厥性癫痫持续状态(CSE)的临床特点。方法收集神经重症监护室(NICU)年龄≥60岁的CSE患者28例,回顾性分析其临床特点。结果脑血管病为28例老年CSE的首位病因。接受抗癫痫药物治疗后,CSE症状控制的中位时间为0.9 h,其中16例患者在1 h内症状控制,12例为难治性癫痫持续状态(RSE)。28例患者中,存活16例、死亡12例。死亡者与存活者相比,合并中枢神经系统新发疾病(P=0.027)和RSE的比例显著不同(P=0.027)。结论老年CSE患者基础情况差,病因多样,合并有中枢神经系统新发疾病或有RSE者的死亡率高。     

基层卫生单位常见创伤超声快速诊断技术的人才培训研究

目的探讨在基层卫生单位进行常见创伤超声快速诊断技术教学培训的可行性和有效性。 方法培训对象来自基层卫生单位的89名学员,其中超声医学零基础学员81名,占91.0%;理论授课老师为副高级以上超声专家,技能培训老师为熟练掌握超声快速诊断技术的超声医师;培训周期为4ｄ（32学时）;培训内容为基层卫生单位的常见急症和外伤超声快速诊断技能的理论授课和实际操作手把手教学。培训后全部学员参加理论知识笔试（百分制）和技能实际操作考核,并分析考核结果。 结果89名学员对培训的参与度为100%。培训后,81名超声零基础的学员理论平均成绩（93.7±5.0）分,8名有超声基础的学员理论平均成绩（95.5±3.0）分,二者比较,差异无统计学意义（P>0.05）,表明通过培训,即使是超声零基础的学员,对创伤超声快速诊断理论知识的掌握与有超声基础者无差别。技能实际操作成绩,81名零基础的学员中,优秀率76.5%（62名/81名）、良好率23.5%（19名/81名）,8名有超声基础的学员中,优秀率75.0%（6名/8名）、良好率25.0%（2名/8名）二者比较,差异无统计学意义（P>0.05）。 结论通过培训,基层卫生单位的受训者能够迅速掌握常见创伤的超声快速诊断技术的理论知识,掌握实际操作技能。     

216例神经科重症监护病房患者医院感染及病原菌分析

目的了解神经科重症监护病房(NICU)患者合并医院感染的病原菌分布及细菌耐药性,为合理应用抗菌药物提供依据。方法对2008年1月1日—2011年12月31日收住NICU并发生医院感染的216例患者住院期间分离的病原菌检出构成比、药敏试验等进行回顾性分析。结果医院感染依次有肺炎107例次(其中呼吸机相关性肺炎39例次)、尿路感染100例次(其中导尿管相关性尿路感染91例次)、血流感染26例次(其中中心静脉导管相关性血流感染11例次)。经培养鉴定共分离出582株病原菌,其中革兰阴性杆菌占65.5%,革兰阳性球菌占24.9%,真菌占9.6%。临床分离的革兰阴性杆菌依次为肺炎克雷伯菌(25.2%)、铜绿假单胞菌(22.3%)、鲍曼不动杆菌(18.1%)、大肠埃希菌(17.3%)和奇异变形杆菌(4.5%);革兰阳性球菌依次为金葡菌(43.4%)、溶血葡萄球菌(17.2%)、屎肠球菌(8.3%)、表皮葡萄球菌(8.3%)和鹑鸡肠球菌(4.8%)。真菌以白念珠菌为主(66.1%)。大多数革兰阴性杆菌对碳青霉烯类抗生素、头孢哌酮-舒巴坦、哌拉西林-他唑巴坦有较高敏感性。鲍曼不动杆菌耐药情况严重,69株中含广泛耐药菌20株,占29.0%。除头孢哌酮-舒巴坦的敏感率达72.3%外,其余药物的敏感率均很低。革兰阳性球菌对万古霉素、利奈唑胺高度敏感。结论 NICU医院感染病种分布的特点以导管相关感染为主,包括呼吸机相关肺炎,导尿管留置及血管内留置导管相关感染等。病原菌以不发酵糖革兰阴性杆菌为多见,且鲍曼不动杆菌呈多重耐药。     

Female sex work and international sport events - no major changes in demand or supply of paid sex during the 2010 Soccer World Cup: a cross-sectional study

ABSTRACT: BACKGROUND: Important unanswered questions remain on the impact of international sporting events on the sex industry. Speculation about increased demand and supply of sex work often generates significant attention, but also additional funding for HIV programmes. This study assessed whether changes occurred in the demand and supply of paid sex during the 2010 Soccer World Cup in South Africa. METHODS: Trained sex worker interviewers conducted face-to-face semi-structured interviews among consenting female sex workers during May-September 2010. Using bivariate analyses we compared supply, demand, sexual risk-taking, and police and health services contact pre-World Cup, to levels during the World Cup and after the event. RESULTS: No increases were detected in indicators of sex work supply, including the proportion of sex workers newly arrived in the city (< 2.5% in each phase) or those recently entering the trade (<= 1.5%). Similarly, demand for sex work, indicated by median number of clients (around 12 per week) and amount charged per transaction ($13) remained similar in the three study periods. Only a third of participants reported observing any change in the sex industry ascribed to the World Cup. Self-reported condom-use with clients remained high across all samples (> 92.4% in all phases). Health-care utilisation decreased non-significantly from the pre- to during World Cup period (62.4% to 57.0%; P = 0.075). Across all periods, about thirty percent of participants had interacted with police in the preceding month, two thirds of whom had negative interactions. CONCLUSIONS: Contrary to public opinion, no major increases were detected in the demand or supply of paid sex during the World Cup. Although the study design employed was unable to select population-based samples, these findings do not support the public concern and media speculation prior to the event, but rather signal a missed opportunity for public health action. Given the media attention on sex work, future sporting events offer strategic opportunities to implement services for sex workers and their clients, especially as health service utilisation might decrease in this period.     

掌上超声在枪弹伤致髂动脉破裂大出血建模中的应用研究

目的探讨掌上超声在野战环境下建立髂动脉枪弹伤大出血动物模型的应用价值。 方法在野战环境下,选择长白猪8只,实验前采集血压、心率等指标。采用掌上超声定位右侧髂动脉,并标记体表弹着点,由专业射手进行射击并保持自由出血30 s,通过连续监测生命体征变化确定是否出现失血性休克。在实验后处死动物,沿弹道进行解剖,明确髂动脉断裂情况。 结果8只动物均一次性建模成功。与建模前相比,建模后收缩压降低［（144.38±14.74）mmHg vs （110.00±29.89）mmHg,P=0.001,1 mmHg=0.133 kPa］,舒张压降低［（96.63±17.20）mmHg vs （74.63±22.06）mmHg,P＜0.001］,平均动脉压降低［（110.63±15.99）mmHg vs （88.38±27.12）mmHg,P=0.003］,心率增快［（67.25±7.73）次/分 vs （94.50±16.62）次/分,P=0.004］,符合失血性休克表现。枪弹射击后,即刻见鲜红色血液喷射而出。解剖后大体观察7只（87.5%）动物髂动脉完全破裂,1只（12.5%）髂动脉不完全断裂,所有动物肌肉损伤严重,股骨均可见粉碎性骨折。 结论在野战环境下,掌上超声引导髂动脉枪弹伤建模成功率高,动物模型稳定,为进一步探索枪弹伤致交界部位致命性大出血的研究奠定了基础。     

Pain Profiles and Psychosocial Distress Symptoms in Workers with Low Back Pain

Purpose:

The current study investigated the pain profiles of patients with subacute non-specific low back pain attending an outpatient return-to-work rehabilitation programme. Differences in symptoms of distress (depression and anxiety) and return to work between the pain-profile groups were assessed.

Methods:

Sixty-five volunteers who met the eligibility criteria and had complete follow-up data were included in the analysis. The mean age was 38.8 years (minimum 18, maximum 64); 38 (58.5%) were men. The median time since onset of low back pain was 30 days. Cluster analysis was used to categorize patients into groups according to pain severity scores (VAS).

Results:

Two distinct clusters—severe pain and moderate pain—emerged. There were significant differences in depressive and anxiety symptoms between the pain profiles. Further, return-to-work rates varied significantly between the two groups (31% in the severe pain cluster compared to 90% in the moderate pain cluster).

Conclusion:

Although both groups showed significant improvements in depression and anxiety symptoms over time, the severe pain cluster scored higher at discharge (higher scores indicating worse outcomes). These results highlight the importance of early identification of sub-groups at risk so that rehabilitation interventions can be focused with the goal of minimizing long-term disability.     

伴癫痫持续状态、运动障碍和低通气综合征的自身免疫性脑炎:1例报告及文献复习

目的:总结自身免疫性脑炎的临床特征,以减少临床误诊。方法:回顾性分析1例年轻的女性自身免疫性脑炎患者的诊疗过程及随访资料。结果:该患者以发热起病,病情迅速进展,并伴有癫痫持续状态、运动障碍和低通气综合征。诊断为自身免疫性脑炎后,给予免疫治疗。病程3个月时,病情逐渐趋于稳定,并渐趋好转;病程15个月时进行随访,预后较好。结论:临床上对于出现精神障碍、肌张力运动障碍和癫痫的年轻患者,应及时进行自身免疫性脑炎的血清抗体检测和脑脊液检查,以明确诊断。     

Targeted extracellular nanoparticles enable intracellular detection of activated epidermal growth factor receptor in living brain cancer cells

Mechanistic study of biological processes via Quantum Dots (QDs) remain constrained by inefficient QD delivery methods and consequent altered cell function. Here the authors present a rapid method to label activated receptor populations in live cancer cells derived from medulloblastoma and glioma tumors. The authors used QDs to bind the extracellular domain of Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor (EGF-R) proteins and then induced receptor activation to facilitate specific detection of intracellular, activated EGF-R subpopulations. Such labeling enables rapid identification of biological markers characteristic of tumor type, grade and chemotherapy resistance. FROM THE CLINICAL EDITOR: In this paper, a rapid, quantum dot-based method is presented with the goal of labeling activated receptor populations in live cancer cells. More accurate characterization of medulloblastoma and glioma cancer cells using this biomarker detection technique may lead to a more specific targeted therapy.     

急性病毒性脑炎合并(癎)性发作的临床研究

目的 探讨病毒性脑炎合并(癎)性发作患者的临床特点及预后.方法 对94例病毒性脑炎患者的临床表现、脑电图(EEG)、神经影像学及预后等进行回顾性分析.结果94例患者中,伴发(癎)性发作23例(24.5％),与不伴(癎)性发作者相比,其EEG异常明显(P＜0.01),平均住院天数长(21.6 d对12.7d).结论 病毒...