L’activité sportive chez un jeune en surpoids : une prescription ?

As far as taking care of obese people is concerned, advising young overweight children to do more exercise seems to be relevent. And yet some problems emerge. People associate sport with mockery and it often rhymes with physical and moral suffering. That's why it's necessary to pay attention to children's feelings about it. When they try to avoid sport, they think they protect themselves from the other, who has ultimately become the prosecution, blaming them for their difference. That can create a lot of frustration. As psychologists and teachers in the adapted physical activity area, we work as a group, especially during our therapy session. Then, the physical activities that we propose are talked about in therapy. They can look at it from the outside as they are expressing their difficulties, from previous or present experiences. Sport must be associated with game, pleasure, self-satisfaction and most of all with the communication with the other. They’re accompanied according to their need and we aim at integrating them progressively in a sports association. Besides, a psychological support often proves itself required and beneficial. Moreover, guilty parents feel like they are being judged. Their inability to encourage their child to do any sport echoes their own fear. So we must take their feelings into account so they don’t feel even less capable and more guilty. Offering to verbalise their problems and respecting everyone's feelings make them consider they have a choice, and it enables them to realize that sport can be a source of personal achievement.     

Acknowledgment of Reviewers

Clinical supervision of mental health counselors in correctional settings presents unique challenges. Seven correctional counselor supervisors were interviewed about how they addressed issues related to the correctional environment, their social interactions, and their identity. The authors used a qualitative constructivism framework and Interpretative Phenomenological Analysis (IPA) to explore how supervisors rationalized their role in the correctional setting. Findings suggested that supervisors experience significant institutional constraints, often have to prioritize security needs over mental health needs, and have a complex professional identity that includes both security and mental health responsibilities.     

In vitro exposure of Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) testis to estrogenic endocrine disrupting chemicals: mRNA expression of genes encoding steroidogenic enzymes

Many environmental pollutants can exert adverse effects on exposed organisms, including fish, leading to disruption of the endocrine system. Enzymes involved in the sex steroid biosynthesis are potential targets for the toxic action of pollutants. In this context, we investigated the hypothesis that selected estrogenic chemicals-the pharmaceutical estrogen ethinylestradiol (EE2), the phytoestrogen genistein (GEN), and the industrial compound bisphenol A (BPA)-may cause endocrine disruption by directly disturbing steps of fish steroidogenic pathways. We studied the mRNA expression of eight selected genes encoding steroidogenic enzymes (11β-HSD2, 20β-HSD, 3β-HSD1, 17β-HSD1, 17β-HSD8, 17β-HSD12, CYP19a, CYP19b) by quantitative real-time PCR. Testis slices from adult specimens of the model fish Nile tilapia were exposed in vitro for 3 and 8 h either to individual or to mixture solutions of EE2 (100 ng/L), GEN (200 ng/L), and BPA (10 μg/L); all at the peak concentrations observed in the Douro River estuary (Portugal). Our data revealed that only the mixture of the tested chemicals directly induced the expression of 11β-HSD2, 17β-HSD1, and 17β-HSD12, after 8 h, whereas no effect was seen for chemicals tested individually. The gene expression pattern agrees with the concept of dose addition for environmental mixtures, and for the first time an interference of estrogenic EDCs is reported for 17β-HSD1 and 17β-HSD12.     

Metabolomics of silver nanoparticles toxicity in HaCaT cells: structure–activity relationships and role of ionic silver and oxidative stress

The widespread use of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) is accompanied by a growing concern regarding their potential risks to human health, thus calling for an increased understanding of their biological effects. The aim of this work was to systematically study the extent to which changes in cellular metabolism were dependent on the properties of AgNPs, using NMR metabolomics. Human skin keratinocytes (HaCaT cells) were exposed to citrate-coated AgNPs of 10, 30 or 60?nm diameter and to 30?nm AgNPs coated either with citrate (CIT), polyethylene glycol (PEG) or bovine serum albumin (BSA), to assess the influence of NP size and surface chemistry. Overall, CIT-coated 60?nm and PEG-coated 30?nm AgNPs had the least impact on cell viability and metabolism. The role of ionic silver and reactive oxygen species (ROS)-mediated effects was also studied, in comparison to CIT-coated 30?nm particles. At concentrations causing an equivalent decrease in cell viability, Ag^+?ions produced a change in the metabolic profile that was remarkably similar to that seen for AgNPs, the main difference being the lesser impact on the Krebs cycle and energy metabolism. Finally, this study newly reported that while down-regulated glycolysis and disruption of energy production were common to AgNPs and H₂O₂, the impact on some metabolic pathways (GSH synthesis, glutaminolysis and the Krebs cycle) was independent of ROS-mediated mechanisms. In conclusion, this study shows the ability of NMR metabolomics to define subtle biochemical changes induced by AgNPs and demonstrates the potential of this approach for rapid, untargeted screening of pre-clinical toxicity of nanomaterials in general.     

Liver Histopathology in Brown Trout (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Salmo trutta</Emphasis> f. fario) from the Tinhela River,Subjected to Mine Drainage from the Abandoned Jales Mine (Portugal)

The objective of this study was to compare the occurrence of toxicopathic liver lesions in brown trout (Salmo trutta fario) from Tinhela River near the Jales Mine, both before implementation (2002) and after completion of the governmental mitigation program (2006). Fish were caught in April 2002 and May 2006, using an electrofishing system at four sites: S0, reference station; S1, S2 and S3 as contaminated stations. In 2002, the hepatosomatic index (HSI) was significantly higher for trout captured at the contaminated sites S2 and S3 than in S0. After the rehabilitation program, the HSI of fish sampled at the contaminated sites did not differ from the reference group. The liver of trout caught at S0 exhibited the normal parenchymal and stromal architecture described for the species and there were no pathological abnormalities. In contrast, fish sampled at S3 and S2 sites had diverse toxicopathic alterations. Specifically, livers from the two contaminated sites showed bile duct hyperplasia, often with mild epithelial dysplasia and fibrotic adventitial sleeve, foci of smaller and more basophilic hepatocytes and foci of hepatocellular necrosis; the latter conditions were frequently associated. Compared with the reference animals, increased hepatocellular vacuolization was found in livers from the polluted sites. Histopathological examination revealed differences among sampling sites in the severity and diversity of hepatic lesions clearly related to the proximity of the tailings. No pathological alterations were observed in the livers of brown trout caught in the same four areas of the Tinhela River after the mitigation program in 2006. In conclusion, our results supported that drainage from the abandoned Jales Mine had deleterious toxicological effects in brown trout. Our data suggested that the governmental mitigation program may have reduced the impact of Jales tailings.