INFLUENZA SURVEILLANCE

The epidemiologic complexity of influenza in 1977 was not known before. This paper des~ cribes influenza surveillance from 1977 to Feb- ruary 1978 in Shanghai through the establish- ment of influenza monitoring stations, isolation and antigenic analysjs of influenza virps strajns and serologic investigations. When the number of cases with upper respiratory tract infection and high fever recorded at the monitoring sta- tions exceeded the critical level of the weekly nonepidemic period peak of the early months of 1977 it was predicted from antigenic and serolo- gic studies that the influenza B and H3NZ vir- udses being antigenically similar to A/Beijing,t75 would not cause a pandemic. Afte,r the new H3N2 variant A./Shanghai/561/77 appeared, the weekly incidence again exceeded the critical level in June. Taking into consideration the results of antigenic analysis and the antibody level in the population, an epidemic was pre- dicted. This virus strain was isolated from a sporadic case l month before the epidemic. This is favourable for obtaining a vaccine strain in time and for taking preventive meaisures. The influenza A (HINl) epidemic was chiefly limited to young perople. The epidemic curve may per- sist a.bove the critical level and show no signifi- cant peak. From January to February 1978, 2 subtypes (HINl and H3N2) were found to occur together for the first time in Shanghai. Problems in surveillance and prediction of influenza epi- demics are discussed.     

流感病毒变异与流行性感冒流行和预防

流感病毒不断变异是导致流行性感冒反复流行的基本因素。变异的表达是多方面的,但最经常并与流行关系最密切的是病毒抗原性变异．主要是指病毒包膜表面血凝索（H）的改变。抗原性变异分2类：即“抗原性漂移”和“抗原性转换”。另外毒力的变异在“抗原性漂移”过程中并不明显,但在“抗原性转换”时是至关重要的。病毒毒力可能是多基因综合的表现,在强毒株传播过程中基因节段核苷酸序列的改变,均可引起病毒原有的毒力下降。病毒“抗原性漂移”是在病毒亚型范围内的抗原性改变,它与人群感染后的免疫力有关,有明显的连续过程,一般较久的抗原性漂移,引发较大的流行性感冒流行,较小的抗原性漂移只能引起一些主要在儿童中的流行。但偶尔也可发现一些抗原性改变较大但传播力较差的病毒,不能成为流行的主流．短期内在人群中消失。经过流行后,人群对它的免疫水平很快提高,又促使病毒抗原性不断向前演变。     

不同消毒剂对流行性感冒病毒的消毒效果和检测方法

由于病毒只能在敏感的活细胞内复制、繁殖以及消毒剂本身和中和剂对细胞的影响等因素，因而检测消毒剂对病毒的消毒效果往往难度较大．目前尚缺乏直接对病毒的消毒数据和比较规范的检测方法。本通过碘伏、新洁尔灭和洗必泰三种常用消毒剂对流感病毒消毒效果的检测，为探索建立比较规范的检测方法提供科学依据。     

ANTIGENIC VARIATION OF INFLUENZA A (H3N2) VIRUSJN RELATION TO INFLUENZA EPIDEMICS INSHANGHAI (1968-1977)

This paper describes the antigenic variation of influenza A virus in relation to influenza epidemics in Shanghai in the 10 years since the first prevalence of H3N2 virus in 1968. 367 strains of H3N2 virus were isolated, the isolation rates ranging from 37.7 t0 97.OTo. Antigenic analysis of annual representa tive strains revealed that epidemics of varying intensi- ty due t0 6 variants occurred in Shanghai and inter- mediate and 6'side.stream" strains were also found in the process of variation.     

剖视禽流感和人流感大流行

当前高致病性禽流感H5N1病毒是否将进而获得人际的传播力,引发全球流感大流行,仍是一个谜.甲型流感病毒的变异和不同亚型之间的基因置换,在一定条件下可改变原有的某些生物性状,但这些改变具有偶然性,也有不稳定性.如1976年美国新泽西州迪克斯堡兵营中出现类似于1918年大流行的病毒（H1N1）引起局限性爆发流行,不到1月即在人群中消失.     

流行性感冒监测

1982至1990年6月,上海市共经历7次甲₃型和4次甲₁型中小程度的流感流行,分离到不同的病毒变种。甲₃型和甲₁型变种在本市交替流行间隔为1~2年左右。夏秋季和冬春期是本市流感活动高峰期。夏秋季流行的流感病毒亚型至冬春期常在我国北方和北半球一些国家引起流行。夏秋季流感疫情较平静,至冬春季流感病毒可出现进一步变异,引起较广泛流行。提供流感流行预测,为及时制备疫苗进行有效预防的依据。     

INFLUENZA SURVEILLANCE IN SHANGHAI

This article describes the epidemiology and antigenic drift of influenza, A (H3N2) virus in Shanghai from 1968 through 1981. There wa.s clear evidence of change in epidemioilogical characteristics a.round 1977. The epidemic due to influenza A (HINl) virus in August 1977 affected mainly youngsters and children, but the HINI epidemic in 1981 affected mostly adults. The process of antigenic variation. of H3N2 virus and the relationship between HINl and H3N2 in- fluenza epidemics are discus.sed on the basis of an analys.is of influenza surveillance data in this city during these years.     

苍术艾叶烟薰预防流感效果观察

本文报道了苍术艾叶烟薰对流感病毒有一定的杀灭作用,对流感病毒甲_1和甲_3型引致的流感流行具有明显的预防效果。同时发现烟薰后能提高人体上呼吸道局部的分泌性免疫球蛋白A的含量,从而提高人体局部对病原的免疫力。