Extravesical versus Leadbetter-Politano ureteroneocystostomy: a comparison of urological complications in 320 renal transplants

The urological complications of 320 consecutive renal transplants performed at our institution between October 17, 1985 and November 10, 1989 are reviewed. The Leadbetter-Politano technique of ureteroneocystostomy was used in the first 160 patients (group 1) and an anterior extravesical technique modified from the methods of Witzel, Sampson and Lich was performed in the second 160 patients (group 2). Urological complications occurred in 15 patients (9.4%) in group 1 and 6 (3.7%) in group 2 (p = 0.04). Ureterovesical junction obstruction occurred in 6 patients (3.7%) in group 1 and 1 (0.6%) in group 2 (p = 0.05). Complications of leakage, ureteral necrosis and ureteral stricture were comparable in the 2 groups. Therefore, we advocate the use of the anterior extravesical technique over Leadbetter-Politano ureteral reimplantation based on the lower incidence of urological complications and various technical advantages, including less operative time, avoidance of a separate cystotomy, less hematuria and ability to use short donor ureters.     

Instrumentation and patient characteristics that influence postoperative haemorrhage rates following tonsil and adenoid surgery

Objectives: To investigate the effect of the type instrumentation used and the age and gender characteristics of patients on postoperative haemorrhage rates following tonsil and adenoid surgery. Design: A retrospective analysis of 13 593 procedures was performed from The Patient Episode Database for Wales between 1 January 1999 and 31 March 2004. Setting: National health policy changes created four periods of different instrument usage (reusable, single‐use with diathermy, single‐use alone, specified single‐use with diathermy). These and the age and gender distribution of the patients were examined against four categories of postoperative haemorrhage. Main outcome measures: Postoperative haemorrhage rates were expressed as the number of complications per operations performed. Primary postoperative haemorrhage that occurred during the initial admission either required a return to theatre [R1] or was managed conservatively [N1]; secondary postoperative haemorrhage that required a return to hospital either returned to theatre [R2] or was managed conservatively [N2], were compared. Results: Primary haemorrhage with return to theatre doubled, from the baseline rate with reusable instruments, from 0.6% (CI 0.5–0.8) to 1.2% (CI 0.7–1.9) when single‐use instruments were introduced and remained high at 1.4% (CI 0.9–2.1) after the withdrawal of single‐use diathermy. This haemorrhage rate returned to the baseline rate (0.6% CI 0.3–1.0) when specified single‐use instruments were introduced. None of the other haemorrhage rates changed significantly throughout the four observation periods. Adenotonsillectomy and tonsillectomy patients have different age and gender patterns. In a univariate analysis, males over the age of 12 years were twice as likely to have haemorrhage with return to theatre than girls of the same age, 3.8% (CI 3.0–4.7) versus 1.7% (CI 1.4–2.1). Conclusions: A significant rise in serious postoperative primary haemorrhage but not secondary haemorrhage was seen following the initial introduction of single‐use instruments that reverted to baseline with the introduction of specified single‐use instruments. Diathermy does not appear to have affected the haemorrhage rates. There is a distinct age and gender pattern for tonsil and adenoid surgery and risk of postoperative haemorrhage. The use of arbitrary divisions of age may be misleading in studies that examine post‐tonsillectomy haemorrhage.     

Antimitotic agents: ring analogues and derivatives of ethyl [(S)-5-amino-1,2-dihydro-2-methyl-3-phenylpyrido[3,4-b]pyrazin-7- yl]carbamate.

The synthesis of ring analogues and derivatives of the S isomer of ethyl [5-amino-1,2-dihydro-2-methyl-3-phenylpyrido[3,4-b]pyrazin-7 - yl[carbamate, (S)-1, a potent antimitotic agent with anticancer activity, was directed toward the determination of the contribution of several structural features of this compound to biological activity. Replacement of the 5-amino with a 5(6H)-oxo group and either transposing the 6-ring nitrogen to or incorporation of a ring nitrogen at the 8-position caused a significant decrease in in vitro activity and destroyed in vivo activity. Although in vivo cytotoxicity was reduced, in vitro activity at higher doses relative to (S)-1 was retained by replacement of the 5-amino group with hydrogen and by expansion of the 1,2-dihydropyrazine to give a dihydro-1,4-diazepine ring.     

Short-Ti inversion-recovery pulse sequence: analysis and initial experience in cancer imaging

Inversion recovery (IR), commonly considered a pulse sequence capable of producing T1-weighted images with excellent display of normal anatomy, is versatile: The null point and peak time provide a useful, succinct summary of the properties of IR and its capacity for producing both T1- and T2-weighted images. Shortening of the inversion time (TI) and creation of a short-TI inversion-recovery (STIR) pulse sequence increases sensitivity to malignancy and other abnormalities by making the effects of prolonged T1 and T2 on signal intensity additive and by nulling the signal from fat. The authors examined over 300 patients with various malignancies and compared STIR images with T1- and T2-weighted images obtained at 0.5 T. In 43 cases, signal-difference-to-noise ratios (SD/Ns) were calculated between tumor, fat, and muscle. In general, STIR images demonstrated tumor as a conspicuously high-intensity area in a background of muted, discernible anatomic detail. The good contrast achieved with STIR sequences between tumor and fat (SD/N = 18.1) and tumor and muscle (SD/N = 12.9) consolidated into a single image the information contained separately on T1- and T2-weighted images, which facilitates efficient detection and localization of malignancy.     

Arm function after axillary dissection for breast cancer: a pilot study to provide parameter estimates.

Sixty-three women participated in a study in Calgary, Alberta to assess the rate of arm recovery and factors affecting it up to one year after axillary node dissection for breast cancer. Outcomes included objective measures of swelling, mobility, and strength, and subjective assessments of pain (at rest and with movement) and stiffness. Approximately 42% of women had residual impairment of at least one type one year after surgery, the most common problems being pain (16%) and reduced grip strength (16%). Except for lymphedema, measurements one year after surgery showed little change from measurements at 6 months, suggesting that the shorter follow-up may be appropriate for assessing the long term effects of axillary dissection. Lymphedema was the only sequela which increased over time. The results provide parameter estimates for designing studies to evaluate the role of physiotherapy after axillary dissection.     

Multiple lentigines syndrome (LEOPARD syndrome or progressive cardiomyopathic lentiginosis).

The multiple lentigines syndrome is an autosomal dominant condition which has many similarities to Noonan syndrome, except in the most striking feature from which its name is derived. The less neutral but very apt mnemonic, LEOPARD syndrome, was first used by Gorlin et al to whom the major debt in the definition of this syndrome lies, that is, Lentigines, ECG abnormalities, Ocular hypertelorism/Obstructive cardiomyopathy, Pulmonary valve stenosis, Abnormalities of genitalia in males, Retardation of growth, and Deafness. Not previously included in the mnemonic is cardiomyopathy which is an important feature because it is associated with significant mortality.     

A comparison study of human papillomavirus prevalence by the polymerase chain reaction in low risk women and in a gynaecology referral group at elevated risk for cervical cancer.

The reported prevalence of human papillomavirus (HPV) type 16 in the genital tracts of women with various gynaecological conditions is highly variable. In particular, some results with the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) technique have suggested that HPV-16 is a ubiquitous or very common virus. We undertook this study to help clarify the current confusion. PCR with HPV consensus L1 primers and specific E6 primers was used to study 89 women attending two gynaecology referral clinics, as well as 99 women attending a health maintenance organization (HMO) clinic; 70 of these latter women had no current or prior history of genital HPV disease. HPV-16 was detected in less than 5% of cytologically normal women from either group and in 17% (6/36) and 31% (9/29) of women with cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN) from the referral clinic and the HMO, respectively. The other high-risk or intermediate-risk HPVs (types 18, 31, 33 or 35) were less prevalent than HPV 16 in all groups of women. A majority of the HPV types detected by the L1 primers in normal women were uncharacterized HPVs. Overall these uncharacterized HPVs were detected in 37% (46/123) of the normal women and in 48% (31/65) of the women with CIN. Using the most sensitive PCR product detection method employed in the study, HPV DNA was detected in 36% (4/11) of swab specimens obtained from the external abdomen.     

Pitfalls in counselling: the craniosynostoses.

We describe three families to highlight the variability of expression and penetrance that can occur in the craniosynostoses. In two of the families, gene carriers were only identified in retrospect by looking at photographs of other family members. In the third family, identical twins were initially thought to be discordant for sagittal craniosynostosis until early skull x rays were examined and both were found to be affected. The dilemmas faced when counselling these families are discussed.