血管外科临床实习应用PBL教学模式探讨与评价

血管外科是一门新兴学科,它是适应我们外科发展趋势下的重要组成部分。它的临床实习教学同样是在不停的摸索中以求探索出一种适合现代血管外科学发展方向的教学方法,这一直是教师教学工作中最重要的任务。现代外科的发展要求在临床教学中把握理论联系实际,教师要指导实习生把书本知识应用到临床实际工作中,既能适应临床工作的需求,也能符合现代化外科的发展潮流。PBL (problembased learning)教学模式是以问题为基础,病例为先导,学生自主运用所学知识解决实际问题,理论与实践紧密结合的教学方式。它提出了一种全新的学习理念,既培养了学生创造性思维和学习的能力,又发挥了学生学习的主观能动性。我们在血管外科临床实习教学中开展的PBL教学模式效果良好,值得在今后的血管外科临床教学工作中作进一步尝试及推广。     

Changes in T .lymphocyte subsets after severe traumatic brain inJury

BACKGROUND： Besides local changes of cranial parenchymal cells, hemorrhage, etc., severe traumatic brain injuries also cause the changes of total body fluid and various functions, and the changes of lymphocytes and T lymphocyte subsets should be paid more attention to. OBJECTIVE： To reveal the changing laws of T lymphocyte subsets after severe traumatic brain injury, and compare with mild to moderate brain injury. DESIGN： A comparative observation. SETTINGS： Department of Neurosurgery, Longgang District Buji People＇s Hospital of Shenzhen City; Central Laboratory of Shenzhen Hospital of Prevention and Cure for Chronic Disease. PARTICIPANTS： All the subjects were selected from the Department of Neurosurgery, Longgang District Buji People＇s Hospital of Shenzhen City from August 2002 to August 2005. Thirty patients with severe brain injury, whose Glasgow coma score （GCS） was ≤ 8 points, were taken as the experimental group, including 21 males and 9 females, aging 16 - 62 years. Meanwhile, 30 patients with mild traumatic brain injury were taken as the control group （GCS ranged 14- 15 points）, including 18 males and 12 females, aging 15 -58 years. All the subjects were in admission at 6 hours after injury, without disease of major organs before injury Informed consents were obtained from all the patients or their relatives. METHODS： （1） The T lymphocytes and the subsets in peripheral blood were detected with immunofluorescent tricolor flow cytometry at l, 3, 7 and 14 days after injury in both groups. （2） The conditions of pulmonary infections were observed at 4 days after injury. The differences of measurement data were compared with the t test. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES： Changes of T lymphocytes subsets at 1 - 14 days after severe and mild or moderate traumatic injury. RESULTS： Finally, 28 and 25 patients with mild to moderate traumatic brain injury, whereas 25 and 21 patients with severe traumatic brain injury were analyzed at 7 and 14 days respectively, and the missed ones died due to the development of disease. （1） Changes of T lymphocyte subsets： At 1 and 3 days after injury, CD3, CD4, CD8, CD4/CD8 began to decrease, whereas CD8 increased in the experimental group, which were very significantly different from those in the control group （t =2.77 - 3.26, P 〈 0.01）, and began to recover at 7 days, which were significantly different from those in the control group （t = 2.06 - 2.24, P 〈 0.05）, and generally recovered to the normal levels at 14 days （P 〉 0.05）. （2） Conditions of pulmonary infections： At 4 days after injury, the rate of pulmonary infection was significantly different between the experimental group and control group [73% （22/30）, 0, x2=37.29, P 〈 0.01]. CONCLUSION： Patients with severe traumatic brain injury suffer from damages of cellular immune function at early period （within 7 days）, and they are easily to be accompanied by pulmonary infections.     

中西医结合治疗室性期前收缩临床观察

目的：观察中西医结合治疗室性期前收缩（气阴两虚、心脉痹阻型心悸）的临床效果。方法：将160例室性期前收缩患者随机分为治疗组和对照组，每组80例。两组患者均接受常规治疗，治疗组在此基础上加用养心复脉汤。治疗1个月后进行临床评价。结果：治疗组室性期前收缩综合疗效、中医证候综合疗效、心电图综合疗效均优于对照组（P=0．0000）；并可使患者生活质量和运动耐量显著改善（P〈0．01）。结论：该中西医结合疗法治疗室性期前收缩综合疗效优于西医疗法，其治疗室性期前收缩的收益为，OR=0．14（95％CI=0．06～0．33），NNT=3（95％CI=2．18～5．24）。     

磁共振胆胰管造影在梗阻性黄疸诊断和治疗中的作用

目的：探讨磁共振胆胰管造影(MRCP)对梗阻性黄疸患梗阻定位和定性的诊断价值及对治疗的指导意义。方法：对48例梗阻性黄疸的患进行MRCP检查，34例(70．8％)行手术治疗，14例(29．2％)行非手术治疗。结果：48例患中45例(93．8％)可通过MRCP明确诊断，并经手术或临床证实；2例(4．1％)硬化性胆管炎需结合其他临床资料做出诊断；1例(2．1％)胆总管结石误诊为胆管癌。结论：MRCP对胆道疾患诊断具有无创性、高灵敏度、高准确率等优点，能为梗阻性黄疸患临床治疗提供有效依据。     

临床推拿医案六则

临床诊疗过程中，或有症状与病因不符者，或有诊断不明或治疗不当者，而留下许多经验和教训。现将在临症中所遇六个典型病例介绍给大家。     

排粪造影检查的临床应用价值

排粪造影(Defecography)是对排便异常进行病因诊断的一种动静态结合的检查方法。目前国内应用尚不普及，我们从1991年开展了排粪造影检查，为便秘原因的诊断和治疗做了摸索应用。     

多层螺旋CT肺密度测定对结缔组织病肺问质病变的早期诊断

目的探讨多层螺旋CT(MSCT)肺密度测定对结缔组织病(CTD)肺间质病变(ILL)早期诊断的临床意义。方法对222例CTD患者及50名正常对照者，应用MSCT附带的Pulmo自动评估软件进行上、中、下肺区的密度测定，并同时进行肺高分辨扫描(}-IR(_1、)，分析二者的变化与CTD伴ILL的关系。结果222例cm患者中197例平均肺密度有不同程度的增高，25例平均肺密度正常。157例HRCT有不同程度的肺间质病变，65例HRCT正常。50名正常对照者HRCT均正常，8名平均肺密度有不同程度的增高，42名平均肺密度正常。结论采用MSCT与HRCT对CTD伴ILL的检测结果差异有统计学意义，P=0．000(双侧)，因此MSCT平均肺密度测定对早期诊断CTD伴ILL比HRCT更敏感，更有临床意义。     

中药配合耳穴贴压治疗乳腺增生病66例

1998～2002年,笔者自拟乳增饮合耳穴贴压治疗乳腺增生病66例疗效满意,现报告如下。1临床资料66例均为女性,年龄20～30岁8例,31～40岁40例,41～50岁18例;病程最短3个月,最长8年,平均4年;双侧乳房肿胀53例,单侧乳房肿胀13例;乳房肿块最小0.5cm×0.8cm,最大5cm×4.1cm。诊断标准参照1987年中华全国中医外科学会制定的诊断标准[1]。①乳房肿块,且多数伴有乳房疼痛等症状,连续3个月不能自行缓解;②排除生理性乳房胀痛,如经前乳房胀痛、青春期乳痛等;③红外线乳房扫描、钼钯片、乳房血流图等检测作辅助诊断,排除乳腺炎症、乳腺纤维瘤等其他疾病。2…