Benign glial cysts of the pineal gland: unusual imaging characteristics with histologic correlation.

PURPOSETo describe the spectrum of MR and CT findings in clinically symptomatic pineal cysts and to determine whether there are certain diagnostic imaging features that allow one to distinguish a benign pineal cyst from other neoplasms of the pineal region.METHODSMR and CT scans of 19 patients with clinically symptomatic pineal cysts were retrospectively reviewed. Age range was 15 to 46 years with a mean age of 28 years. There were five male and 14 female patients.RESULTSPresenting features included headache (15 patients), diplopia (four), nausea and vomiting (four), papilledema (four), seizure (three), Parinaud syndrome (two), ataxia (one), and hemiparesis (one). All cysts were resected or biopsied to provide histopathologic confirmation of the diagnosis. Preoperative diagnoses included pineal neoplasm (14 of 19), pineal cyst (3 of 19), and dermoid cyst (2 of 19). The lesions ranged from 0.8 to 3.0 cm, with a mean diameter of 1.6 cm. Three cysts showed fluid/fluid levels consistent with hemorrhage. Slightly less than half (9 of 19) had evidence of hydrocephalus. The MR signal changes were variable but typically demonstrated low signal on T1-weighted images and high signal on T2-weighted images. More than half (7 of 12) demonstrated enhancement with gadolinium. Calcification of the cyst wall was observed in only four of nine patients who had CT studies but identified histologically in all cases.CONCLUSIONThe MR appearance of benign pineal cysts is variable, ranging from that of an uncomplicated cystic mass to a mass associated with hemorrhage, enhancement, or hydrocephalus. This variability may make them indistinguishable from other pineal-region tumors.     

Inhibition of 2-nitropropane-induced rat liver DNA and RNA damage by benzyl selenocyanate

We observed that pretreatment of male F344 rats with benzyl selenocyanate, a versatile organoselenium chemopreventive agent in several animal model systems, decreases the levels of DNA and RNA modifications produced in the liver by the hepatocarcinogen 2- nitropropane. To clarify the mechanisms involved, we pretreated male F344 rats with either benzyl selenocyanate, its sulfur analog benzyl thiocyanate, phenobarbital or cobalt protoporphyrin IX; the latter is a depletor of P450. We then determined (1) the ability of liver microsomes to denitrify 2-nitropropane, (2) effects on 2-nitropropane- induced liver DNA and RNA modifications and (3) amount of nitrate excreted in rat urine following administration of the carcinogen. Pretreatment with benzyl selenocyanate or phenobarbital increased the denitrification activity of liver microsomes by 217 and 765%, respectively, increased liver P4502B1 by 31- and 435-fold, respectively, decreased the levels of 2-nitropropane-induced modifications in liver DNA (29-70% and 17-30%, respectively) and RNA (67-85% and 30-50%, respectively), and increased the 24-h urinary excretion of nitrate by 157 and 209%, respectively. Pretreatment with benzyl thiocyanate had no significant effect on any of these parameters. Pretreatment with cobalt protoporphyrin IX decreased liver P4502B 1 by 87%, decreased the denitrification activity of liver microsomes by 76%, decreased the 24 h urinary excretion of nitrate by 88.5%, but increased the extent of 2-nitropropane-induced liver nucleic acid modifications by 17-67%. These results indicate that the metabolic sequence from 2-nitropropane to the reactive species causing DNA and RNA modifications does not involve the removal of the nitro group. Moreover, they suggest that benzyl selenocyanate inhibits 2-NP-induced liver nucleic acid modifications in part by increasing its detoxication through induction of denitrification, although it is evident that other mechanisms must also be involved.      

A model of corrective gene transfer in X-linked ichthyosis

Single gene recessive genetic skin disorders offer attractive prototypes for the development of therapeutic cutaneous gene delivery. We have utilized X-linked ichthyosis (XLI), characterized by loss of function of the steroid sulfatase arylsulfatase C (STS), to develop a model of corrective gene delivery to human skin in vivo. A new retroviral expression vector was produced and utilized to effect STS gene transfer to primary keratinocytes from XLI patients. Transduction was associated with restoration of full-length STS protein expression as well as steroid sulfatase enzymatic activity in proportion to the number of proviral integrations in XLI cells. Transduced and uncorrected XLI keratinocytes, along with normal controls, were then grafted onto immunodeficient mice to regenerate full thickness human epidermis. Unmodified XLI keratinocytes regenerated a hyperkeratotic epidermis lacking STS expression with defective skin barrier function, effectively recapitulating the human disease in vivo. Transduced XLI keratinocytes from the same patients, however, regenerated epidermis histologically indistinguishable from that formed by keratinocytes from patients with normal skin. Transduced XLI epidermis demonstrated STS expression in vivo by immunostaining as well as a normalization of histologic appearance at 5 weeks post-grafting. In addition, transduced XLI epidermis demonstrated a return of barrier function parameters to normal. These findings demonstrate corrective gene delivery in human XLI patient skin tissue at both molecular and functional levels and provide a model of human cutaneous gene therapy.      

Clearance and Glomerular Localization of Preformed DNP Anti-DNP Immune Complexes

The in vivo behaviour of well-defined immune complexes in rats was studied using complexes derived from DNP-conjugated bovine thyroglobulin (DNP-BTG) and purified specific goat anti-DNP IgG. Both clearance and glomerular localization were mainly dependent on the nature of the antigen. Soluble immune complexes formed with DNP17-BTG were cleared faster and showed a more marked localization in the glomerular mesangium than complexes formed with DNP3.4-BTG. A slight increase in the antibody to antigen ratio seemed to facilitate mesangial localization of soluble immune complexes. Insoluble immune complexes showed temporary localization as microemboli in the lumina of glomerular and peritubular capillaries. This study thus shows that not only the size and composition of the complexes but also the nature of the antigen within the complex can influence the clearance and organ localization of circulating immune complexes.