Innate immunity of surfactant protein A and D in urinary tract infection with uropathogenic Escherichia coli

Objective To investigate the role of surfactant protein (SP) - A and SP - D in urinary tract infection mouse model, and evaluate the effects of SP-A and SP-D absence on urinary tract infection. Methods SP-A and SP-D double knockout (SP-A/D KO) mice were made. SP-A/D KO and wild-type (WT) C57BL/6 female mice were used for this study. The expression of SP-A and SP-D in kidney was detected by immunohistochemistry (IHC). The levels of p - p38 and p38 protein in kidneys were measured by Western blotting. Uropathogenic Escherichia coli or buffer was delivered into the bladder of female mice. At 24 and 48 h after inoculation, CFU of Escherichia coli in the kidney and urine of the treated and control mice were measured. Histological, cellular and molecular analysis were performed by several methods of H/E staining, IHC and Western blotting. The effects of SP-A and SP-D on bacterial growth were studied in vitro. Results SP-A and SP-D in kidney were located in the proximal tubules and collecting tubules. Compared with WT mice, infected SP - A/D KO mice with UPEC had higher CFU in kidneys and urine at 24 h and 48 h, increased inflammatory cells infiltration in kidneys（P＜0.05）. Compared with WT mice, SP - A/D KO mice had higher p38 MAPK phosphorylation levels in kidneys（P＜0.05）. Growth of Escherichia coli was greatly inhibited by both SP-A and SP-D（P＜0.05）. Conclusions Both SP-A and SP-D are expressed in kidney. SP-A and SP-D can attenuate UTI induced by UPEC which may be through inhibiting bacterial growth and modulating renal inflammation.     

Eosinophilic esophagitis in children and adults

Children with eosinophilic esophagitis, an isolated, severe esophageal eosinophilia, present with symptoms similar to gastroesophageal reflux but do not experience response to aggressive antireflux therapy. Increasingly, eosinophilic esophagitis is considered to be a separate entity from reflux disease. Current theory suggests that the former may be caused by cell-mediated food hypersensitivity or may be a subset of eosinophilic gastroenteritis. Reports support the efficacy of dietary restriction or corticosteroid therapy. Additional research is needed to determine etiology, allow earlier clinical recognition, and improve treatment.     

Eosinophilic esophagitis in children and adults: a systematic review and consensus recommendations for diagnosis and treatment

During the last decade, clinical practice saw a rapid increase of patients with esophageal eosinophilia who were thought to have gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) but who did not respond to medical and/or surgical GERD management. Subsequent studies demonstrated that these patients had a "new" disease termed eosinophilic esophagitis (EE). As recognition of EE grew, so did confusion surrounding diagnostic criteria and treatment. To address these issues, a multidisciplinary task force of 31 physicians assembled with the goal of determining diagnostic criteria and making recommendations for evaluation and treatment of children and adults with suspected EE. Consensus recommendations were based upon a systematic review of the literature and expert opinion. EE is a clinicopathological disease characterized by (1) Symptoms including but not restricted to food impaction and dysphagia in adults, and feeding intolerance and GERD symptoms in children; (2) > or = 15 eosinophils/HPF; (3) Exclusion of other disorders associated with similar clinical, histological, or endoscopic features, especially GERD. (Use of high dose proton pump inhibitor treatment or normal pH monitoring). Appropriate treatments include dietary approaches based upon eliminating exposure to food allergens, or topical corticosteroids. Since EE is a relatively new disease, the intent of this report is to provide current recommendations for care of affected patients and defining gaps in knowledge for future research studies.     

透明细胞性肾细胞癌在不同组织学分类中的比较研究

比较2004年WHO肾细胞癌组织学分类标准与1997年WHO及更早的分类标准的异同,总结常见的诊断差异及可能原因,纠正及更新对肾细胞癌的传统病理分类的观念。方法:收集天津医科大学肿瘤医院2004年2月至2008年2月间,根治性肾切除术后病理诊断为透明性肾细胞癌249例,按2004年WHO肾癌组织学分类标准重新分类,并收集相关临床资料进行分析。结果:原分类法的249例透明细胞癌,经重新分类后,发现透明细胞癌176例,乳头状肾细胞癌42例,嫌色细胞癌5例,多房性囊性肾细胞癌3例,混合型肾细胞癌23例（透明细胞癌+乳头状肾细胞癌21例,乳头状肾细胞癌+嫌色性肾细胞癌2例）。结论:部分乳头状肾细胞癌与嫌色肾细胞癌过去易被诊断为透明细胞癌,两者具有相似的胞浆特点,及对其组织学特点认识不清是其主要原因;中国人乳头状肾细胞癌的发病率与国外相近,且其亚型的分类及诊断有待进一步的研究。      

Pharmacologic treatment of eosinophilic esophagitis

There are several treatment options available for patients who have eosinophilic esophagitis (EE). These options include dilatation for mechanical esophageal abnormalities, pharmacologic therapy, and dietary management. Providing the appropriate therapy depends on the significance of clinical symptoms, association of abnormal anatomy, and histologic involvement of underlying the esophageal tissue. This article focuses on the pharmacotherapy of EE.