机器人辅助腹腔镜上尿路修复手术:单一术者108例经验总结

目的: 总结分析单一术者机器人辅助腹腔镜上尿路修复手术的技术经验及治疗效果。方法: 回顾性分析2018年11月至2020年1月由单一术者完成的108例机器人辅助腹腔镜上尿路修复手术的临床资料,包括改良后离断肾盂成形术53例、肾盂瓣成形术11例、输尿管狭窄段切除再吻合术11例、输尿管狭窄切开自体舌黏膜修补术5例、输尿管狭窄切开阑尾补片修复术4例、输尿管膀胱再植术11例、术中精确测量法膀胱悬吊翻瓣术6例和改良回肠代输尿管术7例。手术成功定义为主观症状缓解且泌尿系超声提示肾积水缓解。结果: 108例手术均成功完成,无中转普通腹腔镜及开放手术。改良后离断肾盂成形术,中位手术时间141 min(74~368 min),中位出血量20 mL(10~350 mL),中位术后住院时间4 d(3~19 d),手术成功率为94.3%。肾盂瓣成形术,中位手术时间159 min(110~222 min),中位出血量50 mL(20~150 mL),中位术后住院时间5 d(3~8 d),手术成功率为100%。输尿管狭窄段切除再吻合术,中位手术时间126 min(76~160 min),中位术中出血量20 mL(10~50 mL),中位术后住院时间5 d(4~9 d),手术成功率为100%。输尿管狭窄切开自体舌黏膜补片修补术,中位手术时间204 min(154~250 min),中位出血量30 mL(10~100 mL),中位术后住院时间6 d(4~7 d),手术成功率为100%。输尿管狭窄切开阑尾补片修复术,中位手术时间164 min(135~211 min),中位手术出血量75 mL(50~200 mL),中位术后住院日8.5 d(6~12 d),手术成功率为100%。输尿管膀胱再植术,中位手术时间149 min(100~218 min),中位术中出血量20 mL(10~50 mL),中位术后住院日7 d(5~10 d),手术成功率为90.9%。术中精确测量法膀胱悬吊翻瓣术,中位手术时间166 min(137~205 min),中位手术出血45 mL(20~100 mL),中位术后住院时间5 d(4~41 d),手术成功率为83.3%。改良回肠代输尿管手术,中位手术时间270 min(227~335 min),中位术中出血量100 mL(10~100 mL),中位术后住院时间7 d(5~26 d),手术成功率为85.7%。结论: 本研究中单一术者应用机器人辅助腹腔镜开展并改良了多种复杂上尿路修复手术术式,对进一步形成标准化、程序化上尿路修复手术方式提供了参考。     

国产内窥镜手术机器人系统在肾部分切除术中的初步临床应用

目的:探讨康多内窥镜手术机器人系统用于肾部分切除术的安全性及有效性。方法:本研究纳入2020年12月至2021年2月于北京大学第一医院就诊的符合入组条件的T 1期肾肿瘤患者。纳入标准：①需要进行肾部分切除治疗的患者;②肿瘤TNM分期为T 1期;③R.E.N.A.L.评分≤9分;④年龄18～75岁...     

二次肾盂成形术在复发性肾盂输尿管连接部梗阻中的研究进展

Ureteropelvic junction obstruction (UPJO) is characterized by decreased flow of urine down the ureter and increased fluid pressure inside the kidney. Open pyeloplasty had been regarded as the standard management of UPJO for a long time. Laparoscopic pyeloplasty reports high success rates, for both retroperitoneal and transperitoneal approaches, which are comparable to those of open pyeloplasty. However, open and laparoscopic pyeloplasty have yielded disappointing failure rates of 2.5%-10%. The main causes for recurrent UPJO are severe peripelvic and periureteric fibrosis due to urinary extravasation, ureteral ischemia, and inadequate hemostasis. In addition, failing to diagnose lower pole crossing vessels before or during the primary procedure is also responsible for recurrent UPJO. In addition, poor preoperative split renal function, hydronephrosis, presence of renal stones, patient age, diabetes, prior endopyelotomy history, and retrograde pyelography history were considered as predictors of pyeloplasty failure. The failure is usually defined by persistent pain, persistent radiographic obstruction (infection or stones), continued decline in split renal function, or a combination of the above. And the failure of pye-loplasty often occurs in the first 2 years after the surgery. The available options for managing recurrent UPJO with a salvageable renal unit include endopyelotomy, re-do pyeloplasty, stent implantation, percutaneous nephrostomy, ureterocalicostomy, and nephrectomy. Re-do pyeloplasty has such merits as high successful rates and rare complications, compared with endopyelotomy or ureterocalicostomy. And some investigators think that re-do pyeloplasty should be regarded as the gold standard for secondary therapy if feasible. Open pyeloplasty can enlarge the operating field, facilitate the exposure of the ureteropelvic junction, reduce the difficulty of operation, and thus reduce the occurrence of complications. There are no significant differences among the success rates of re-do pyeloplasty under open approach, traditional laparoscopy and robot-assisted laparoscopy, according to previous reports. However, traditional laparoscopic and robot-assisted pyeloplasty give advantages of cosmetology, small trauma, less postoperative pain, speedy recovery and shorter hospitalization, fewer complications and lower recurrent rates. If the primary pyeloplasty is an open operation in retroperitoneal approach, the traditional laparoscopic and robotic operation with retroperitoneal approach should be considered for secondary repair. The cause of recurrent UPJO should be evaluated before surgery and identified intraoperatively to minimize the possibility of recurrence.     

机器人辅助腹腔镜上尿路修复手术:单一术者108例经验总结

目的: 总结分析单一术者机器人辅助腹腔镜上尿路修复手术的技术经验及治疗效果。方法: 回顾性分析2018年11月至2020年1月由单一术者完成的108例机器人辅助腹腔镜上尿路修复手术的临床资料,包括改良后离断肾盂成形术53例、肾盂瓣成形术11例、输尿管狭窄段切除再吻合术11例、输尿管狭窄切开自体舌黏膜修补术5例、输尿管狭窄切开阑尾补片修复术4例、输尿管膀胱再植术11例、术中精确测量法膀胱悬吊翻瓣术6例和改良回肠代输尿管术7例。手术成功定义为主观症状缓解且泌尿系超声提示肾积水缓解。结果: 108例手术均成功完成,无中转普通腹腔镜及开放手术。改良后离断肾盂成形术,中位手术时间141 min(74~368 min),中位出血量20 mL(10~350 mL),中位术后住院时间4 d(3~19 d),手术成功率为94.3%。肾盂瓣成形术,中位手术时间159 min(110~222 min),中位出血量50 mL(20~150 mL),中位术后住院时间5 d(3~8 d),手术成功率为100%。输尿管狭窄段切除再吻合术,中位手术时间126 min(76~160 min),中位术中出血量20 mL(10~50 mL),中位术后住院时间5 d(4~9 d),手术成功率为100%。输尿管狭窄切开自体舌黏膜补片修补术,中位手术时间204 min(154~250 min),中位出血量30 mL(10~100 mL),中位术后住院时间6 d(4~7 d),手术成功率为100%。输尿管狭窄切开阑尾补片修复术,中位手术时间164 min(135~211 min),中位手术出血量75 mL(50~200 mL),中位术后住院日8.5 d(6~12 d),手术成功率为100%。输尿管膀胱再植术,中位手术时间149 min(100~218 min),中位术中出血量20 mL(10~50 mL),中位术后住院日7 d(5~10 d),手术成功率为90.9%。术中精确测量法膀胱悬吊翻瓣术,中位手术时间166 min(137~205 min),中位手术出血45 mL(20~100 mL),中位术后住院时间5 d(4~41 d),手术成功率为83.3%。改良回肠代输尿管手术,中位手术时间270 min(227~335 min),中位术中出血量100 mL(10~100 mL),中位术后住院时间7 d(5~26 d),手术成功率为85.7%。结论: 本研究中单一术者应用机器人辅助腹腔镜开展并改良了多种复杂上尿路修复手术术式,对进一步形成标准化、程序化上尿路修复手术方式提供了参考。     

二次肾盂成形术在复发性肾盂输尿管连接部梗阻中的研究进展

Ureteropelvic junction obstruction (UPJO) is characterized by decreased flow of urine down the ureter and increased fluid pressure inside the kidney. Open pyeloplasty had been regarded as the standard management of UPJO for a long time. Laparoscopic pyeloplasty reports high success rates, for both retroperitoneal and transperitoneal approaches, which are comparable to those of open pyeloplasty. However, open and laparoscopic pyeloplasty have yielded disappointing failure rates of 2.5%-10%. The main causes for recurrent UPJO are severe peripelvic and periureteric fibrosis due to urinary extravasation, ureteral ischemia, and inadequate hemostasis. In addition, failing to diagnose lower pole crossing vessels before or during the primary procedure is also responsible for recurrent UPJO. In addition, poor preoperative split renal function, hydronephrosis, presence of renal stones, patient age, diabetes, prior endopyelotomy history, and retrograde pyelography history were considered as predictors of pyeloplasty failure. The failure is usually defined by persistent pain, persistent radiographic obstruction (infection or stones), continued decline in split renal function, or a combination of the above. And the failure of pye-loplasty often occurs in the first 2 years after the surgery. The available options for managing recurrent UPJO with a salvageable renal unit include endopyelotomy, re-do pyeloplasty, stent implantation, percutaneous nephrostomy, ureterocalicostomy, and nephrectomy. Re-do pyeloplasty has such merits as high successful rates and rare complications, compared with endopyelotomy or ureterocalicostomy. And some investigators think that re-do pyeloplasty should be regarded as the gold standard for secondary therapy if feasible. Open pyeloplasty can enlarge the operating field, facilitate the exposure of the ureteropelvic junction, reduce the difficulty of operation, and thus reduce the occurrence of complications. There are no significant differences among the success rates of re-do pyeloplasty under open approach, traditional laparoscopy and robot-assisted laparoscopy, according to previous reports. However, traditional laparoscopic and robot-assisted pyeloplasty give advantages of cosmetology, small trauma, less postoperative pain, speedy recovery and shorter hospitalization, fewer complications and lower recurrent rates. If the primary pyeloplasty is an open operation in retroperitoneal approach, the traditional laparoscopic and robotic operation with retroperitoneal approach should be considered for secondary repair. The cause of recurrent UPJO should be evaluated before surgery and identified intraoperatively to minimize the possibility of recurrence.     

自体补片技术在输尿管狭窄重建中的研究进展

输尿管狭窄的治疗方式主要取决于狭窄的部位及长度.对于无法通过输尿管端端吻合或离断式肾盂成形术治疗的长段上、中段输尿管狭窄,目前常用的回肠代输尿管术、自体肾移植术均存在一定不足.近年来,泌尿外科医师尝试使用口腔黏膜补片、肠道组织补片以及尿路组织补片等自体补片技术进行输尿管重建.口腔黏膜补片是目前接受度最高的自体补片材料,...     

肾部分切除术前CT三维可视化评估标准的初步探究

目的: 探索并构建肾肿瘤行肾部分切除术的CT三维可视化术前评估系统及其应用价值。方法: 回顾性收集北京大学第一医院泌尿外科因肾肿瘤行肾部分切除术患者的临床资料做初步探究,同时收集我国16家临床中心因肾肿瘤行肾部分切除术患者的同质化标准数据,应用CT三维可视化系统(IPS系统,Yorktal)评估肿瘤解剖结构、血供等信息,通过归纳和总结构建评估系统,完成虚拟手术设计及术中辅助导航,指导临床手术。结果: 基于泌尿系增强CT建立三维可视化图像,评分系统纳入肿瘤最长径和体积、肿瘤侵入实质内体积占比、肿瘤侵入实质最大深度、肿瘤与肾实质接触面积、肿瘤肾实质接触面平整度、肿瘤所在肾脏分段位置、肾血管变异情况及肾周脂肪。肿瘤平均二维直径为(2.78±1.43) cm,平均三维最大径为(3.09±1.35) cm,术后病理平均大小(3.01±1.38) cm。三维重建肿瘤最大径与术中肾动脉阻断时间延长、术中出血量显著相关(r=0.502,P=0.020;r=0.403,P=0.046)。三维重建及病理肿瘤体积分别为(25.7±48.4) cm³、(33.0±36.4) cm³(P=0.229),三维重建肿瘤体积与术中出血量显著相关(r=0.660,P<0.001),肿瘤侵入肾实质内体积占比与术中肾动脉阻断时间延长、术后并发症的发生显著相关(r=0.410,P=0.041;r=0.587,P=0.005)。肿瘤与肾实质接触面积及是否存在血管变异与围手术期指标及术后并发症未见相关性。完成术前评估的同时,重建后的三维影像可在Touch Viewer系统上进行缩放、旋转、组合显示、颜色调整、透明化、长度体积自动测量及模拟裁切等操作,满足术前虚拟手术规划及术中辅助导航的要求。结论: 三维图像可提供更加直观的解剖结构,清晰显示肿瘤解剖参数及血供、脂肪等信息,CT三维重建肾肿瘤评价系统可帮助预测肾部分切除术手术难度、围术期并发症等。重建的三维可视化图像导入指定程序或机器人操作系统即可完成虚拟手术及术中辅助导航,帮助手术医师更好地把握手术过程。评分系统所包含的指标及各项指标的分值权重需要通过多中心大样本的研究来证实及完善。     

基于多中心数据库的10年上尿路修复手术术式及术型变化趋势

目的：探究近10年上尿路修复手术的病因以及上尿路修复手术术式、术型变化趋势。方法：基于北京大学泌尿外科研究所牵头创建的多中心RECUTTER(Reconstruction of Urinary Tract:Technology, Epidemiology and Result)数据库资料,分析2010—2021年行上尿路修复手术患者的术前基本信息、围手术期临床资料及随访结果。比较2010—2017和2018—2021两年段间上尿路修复手术术式、术型、住院时间与手术时长、短期并发症发生率以及再次进行修复手术的患者比例。结果：RECUTTER数据库中共纳入1 072例患者,先天因素和医源性损伤是患者进行上尿路修复手术的主要病因,其中开放手术129例(12.0%)、腹腔镜手术403例(37.6%)、机器人手术322例(30.0%)、内镜手术218例(20.3%),近10年手术量呈现逐年增高趋势,2018—2021年间机器人手术占比显著高于2010—2017年(P<0.001)。1 072例上尿路修复手术患者的术型包括回肠代输尿管术124例(11.6%)、肾盂成形术440例(41.1%)...     

延胡索酸水合酶缺陷型肾细胞癌的临床病理特征及预后

目的: 探讨延胡索酸水合酶缺陷型肾细胞癌(fumarate hydratase-deficient renal cell carcinoma,FH-RCC)的临床病理特征及预后。方法: 应用免疫组织化学染色的方法检测北京大学第一医院泌尿外科2013年1月至2019年12月收治的109例60岁及以下不同类型肾细胞癌患者肿瘤组织中延胡索酸水合酶(fumarate hydratase,FH)的表达情况,分析FH-RCC的临床病理特征及预后。结果: 筛选出11例FH-RCC患者,其中男性7例,女性4例,发病年龄16~53岁(平均36.7岁)。4名女性患者均有子宫肌瘤病史,仅1例患者的一级亲属有肾癌家族史,所有患者均无皮肤平滑肌肿瘤的病史及家族史。肾细胞癌的肿瘤直径2.1~12.0 cm(平均8.83 cm), 9例患者有肾窦或肾周脂肪侵犯,6例有肾静脉或下腔静脉内瘤栓形成,7例有淋巴结转移,4例侵犯肾上腺,1例侵犯脾脏被膜。11例患者中7例(7/49例,14.3%)原诊断为Ⅱ型乳头状肾细胞癌,2例(2/9例,22.2%)原诊断为集合管癌,2例(2/51例,3.9%)原诊断为未分类型肾细胞癌。肿瘤组织病理学大多表现为乳头状、管囊状、实性片状等不同结构的混合,最常见的组织结构为乳头状(9/11例,81.8%)及管状(8/11例,72.7%)结构,3例伴有肉瘤样分化。肿瘤细胞均可见灶状分布大而明显的嗜酸性核仁(WHO/国际泌尿病理协会Ⅲ~Ⅳ级)及核周空晕。免疫组织化学检测显示,癌组织CA9、CD10、CK7染色大多阴性,2例TFE3阳性表达的病例经荧光原位杂交技术(fluorescence in situ hybridization,FISH)检测,结果显示TFE3基因均未发生易位或扩增。11例患者均获得随访资料,随访时间11~82个月,确诊后患者平均生存期为24个月,其中5例于术后9~31个月(平均19个月)因肿瘤远处转移而死亡,6例存活患者中已有5例发生了远处转移。结论: FH-RCC在组织形态学上与多种肾细胞癌有重叠,乳头状及管囊状排列方式的混合存在是FH-RCC最常见的生长方式,癌细胞中灶状出现大而明显的嗜酸性核仁是该类型肾细胞癌的重要组织学特征,FH免疫组织化学染色有助于明确诊断。对于患有平滑肌瘤的年轻女性肾细胞癌患者,需警惕FH-RCC的可能。部分FH-RCC的诊断缺少临床证据,应根据组织病理学特征进一步行基因检测以确诊。