Five percent, 7.5% or 10% hypertonic saline prevents delayed neuronal death in gerbils

PURPOSE: To clarify the appropriate concentration and dose of hypertonic saline solution (HSS) for preventing delayed neuronal death in the hippocampal CA1 subfield after transient forebrain ischemia in gerbils. METHODS: Thirty gerbils were randomly assigned to five groups: physiological saline solution (PSS) group, ischemia/reperfusion treated with PSS 2 mL x kg(-1); 5% HSS group, treated with 5% HSS 2 mL x kg(-1); 7.5% HSS group, treated with 7.5% HSS 2 mL x kg(-1); 10% HSS group, treated with 10% HSS 2 mL x kg(-1); 20% HSS group, treated with 20% HSS 2 mL x kg(-1). Transient forebrain ischemia was induced by occluding the bilateral common carotid arteries for four minutes. Five days later, histopathological changes in the hippocampal area were examined, and the degenerative ratio of the pyramidal cells were measured according to the following formula: (number of degenerative pyramidal cells/total number of pyramidal cells per 1 mm of hippocampal CA1 subfield) x 100. RESULTS: In PSS and 20% groups, neuronal cell damage was observed five days after ischemia. In the other three groups, these changes were not observed. The degenerative ratios of pyramidal cells were as follows; PSS group: 91.6 +/- 5.6%, 5% HSS group: 7.2 +/- 1.6%, 7.5% group: 8.3 +/- 1.4%, 10% HSS group: 6.2 +/- 1.1%, 20% HSS group: 85.8 +/- 8.7% (P < 0.05; PSS and 20% HSS vs three other groups). CONCLUSION: This study demonstrates that 5, 7.5 or 10% HSS 2 mL x kg(-1) may prevent delayed neuronal death in the hippocampal CA1 subfield after cerebral ischemia/reperfusion in gerbils.     

Double immunoelectron microscopic labelings of human chorionic gonadotropin and human placental lactogen in human chorionic villi

Simultaneous immunoelectron microscopic localization of human chorionic gonadotropin (HCG) and human placental lactogen (HPL) was examined on the same ultrathin section of human chorionic villi by means of the double labeling technique. Using specific rabbit antisera against HCG and HPL followed by goat anti-rabbit IgG-coated colloidal gold of different sizes (15 nm and 5 nm), immunoreactions of HCG were concentrated on middle-sized secretory granules of 200-300 nm and large dense bodies of 500-1000 nm, while those of HPL were exclusively located on small secretory granules of 80-180 nm. The present experiment provides direct evidence for our previous data that HCG and HPL seem to be stored in different granular components in the syncytiotrophoblast.     

A case of secondary bladder tumor the origin (gastric cancer) of which could not be identified before autopsy

Primary bladder tumor is the most frequent malignant tumor in the field of urology, whereas the incidence of secondary bladder tumor from a distant organ is quite rare. We report here a 21-year-old female patient with metastatic bladder tumor from gastric cancer. She came to our hospital with a complaint of only bladder irritability. Cystoscopical and cytological examinations revealed rhabdomyosarcoma of the bladder. She did not respond to radiation therapy and combined chemotherapy, consisting of actinomycin D, vincristine and cyclophosphamide, and died 91 days after admission. Autopsy revealed a primary tumor of poorly differentiated scirrhus carcinoma of the stomach. Thus this was a quite rare case of metastatic bladder carcinoma characterized by bladder irritability without gastrointestinal symptoms.     

Prevention of Acute Lung Allograft Rejection in Rat by CTLA4Ig

CTLA4 immunoglobulin (CTLA4Ig), which binds with a high affinity to B7-1 and B7-2, interrupts T-cell activation by inhibiting costimulatory signal. CTLA4Ig has been used in hopes of achieving antigen-specific tolerance induction in several solid organ transplants. In lung allograft rejection, however, its use has been controversial in terms of its effect on prevention of rejection. In the present study, the effect of murine CTLA4Ig on rat-lung allograft rejection was investigated. Rat left-lung transplantation was performed in an RT1 incompatible donor (Brown Norway; BN)-recipient (F344) combination. All allografts (n = 12) without any treatment were rejected within 7 days after transplantation. A single injection of murine form CTLA41g at a dose of 100 microg intraperitoneally (ip) or intravenously (iv) on day 1 post-transplantation achieved long-term graft survival (>90days) in 2/5 (40%) and 3/8 (38%), respectively. Moreover, 6/7 (86%) allografts in rats that received iv injection of 500 microg CTLA4Ig survived more than 90days. Allograft survival in the CTLA4Ig 500 microg iv recipient group was significantly longer than that in the no-treatment control or control immunoglobulin group (p <0.01). Four out of seven recipients bearing functional allografts for more than 90 days with the CTLA4Ig treatment accepted donor-specific skin grafts, whereas all third-party skin grafts (n=3) were rejected. Prevention of rat-lung allograft rejection could be achieved by intravenous administration of CTLA4Ig, resulting in long-term allograft survival with acceptance of donor-specific skin grafts.     

Mizoribine in steroid-dependent nephrotic syndrome of childhood

We evaluated a 1-year course of a newly developed immunosuppressant, mizoribine (at a dosage of 3 mg/kg body weight per day), in nine children with steroid-dependent nephrotic syndrome. Steroid treatment could be discontinued in two patients and the maintenance dosage of steroid could be reduced to less than half of that given before mizoribine therapy in a third. There were no beneficial effects in the remaining six patients. No adverse effects of mizoribine were observed during the course of therapy. Received September 20, 1996; received in revised form and accepted April 24, 1997