Clinical manifestations and outcomes of coronavirus disease-19 in heart transplant recipients: a multicentre case series with a systematic review and meta-analysis

Available data on clinical presentation and mortality of coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19) in heart transplant (HT) recipients remain limited. We report a case series of laboratory-confirmed COVID-19 in 39 HT recipients from 3 French heart transplant centres (mean age 54.4 ± 14.8 years; 66.7% males). Hospital admission was required for 35 (89.7%) cases including 14/39 (35.9%) cases being admitted in intensive care unit. Immunosuppressive medications were reduced or discontinued in 74.4% of the patients. After a median follow-up of 54 (19–80) days, death and death or need for mechanical ventilation occurred in 25.6% and 33.3% of patients, respectively. Elevated C-reactive protein and lung involvement ≥50% on chest computed tomography (CT) at admission were associated with an increased risk of death or need for mechanical ventilation. Mortality rate from March to June in the entire 3-centre HT recipient cohort was 56% higher in 2020 compared to the time-matched 2019 cohort (2% vs. 1.28%, P = 0.15). In a meta-analysis including 4 studies, pre-existing diabetes mellitus (OR 3.60, 95% CI 1.43–9.06, I² = 0%, P = 0.006) and chronic kidney disease stage III or higher (OR 3.79, 95% CI 1.39–10.31, I² = 0%, P = 0.009) were associated with increased mortality. These findings highlight the aggressive clinical course of COVID-19 in HT recipients.     

A model for determining the induced voltage at the terminals of a pacemaker exposed to a low frequency magnetic field

This paper presents a method for calculating induced voltage, in vitro, at the terminals of a unipolar pacemaker (PM) subjected to a low frequency magnetic field. We propose a theoretical model which has been experimentally verified by using a homogeneous phantom model placed at the centre of the source generating a homogeneous magnetic field. The levels of the magnetic field used in our experiment are in accordance with the European Directive 2004/40/EC, which sets the occupational electromagnetic field exposure limits. The voltage induced at the terminals of an implanted pacemaker results in the superimposition of two different voltage sources. The first is due to the presence of the loop formed by the PM system and the second is due to the induced currents circulating in the coupling medium. The influence of the induced currents, calculated by the impedance method, is weak compared to the voltage of the loop. The theoretical results obtained agree with the experimental value. Thus, the proposed model can be used to predict the behaviour of a pacemaker subjected to a low frequency magnetic field as well as to those fields within the accepted exposure limits for a patient with a pacemaker.