白蛋白微球作为肝靶向给药载体的研究

用均匀设计方法和计算机技术筛选了乳化化学交联法制备白蛋白微球的六个因素,十二个水平。优化出最佳制备工艺,制备了平均粒径0.41～0.47μm的白蛋白微球。将此工艺制备的¹²⁵I-白蛋白微球做动物体内研究,结果表明微球iv后主要浓集在肝脏,可达注入总剂量的68%,此微球在靶组织肝脏的变化规律可用二室模型契合。     

Further study on the vascular basis for the reimplantation of the hand amputated through the palm

Summary Based on the anatomic data obtained from earlier studies on the vascular anatomy of the hand, the vascular architecture in the palm of the hand was studied on 60 sides of unembalmed adult upper extremities. Each palm was divided into 64 squares by 8 sagittal and 8 transverse sections. The vascular architecture in these squares and the arterial relations between them were observed and measured by angiography, operative microscopic dissection and computerised three-dimensional reconstruction. According to the pattern of the blood-vessels, the amputated palms can be classified into 4 types. The anatomic basis for the vascular anastomosis in each type is defined. There are three key-areas for the blood-supply of the palm and their significance is discussed. Apart from the 4 types of transversely amputated palms, the repair programe of the blood-vessles in 4 types of common obliquely amputated palms are also discussed.

---

Etude complémentaire de l'anatomie vasculaire de la main pour la réimplantation des amputations transpalmaires

Résumé Sur la base de données anatomiques obtenues lors de précédents travaux sur l'anatomie vasculaire de la main, l'architecture vasculaire palmaire a été étudiée sur 60 extrémités supérieures de cadavres d'adultes, non embaumés. Chaque paume a été divisée en 64 carrés par 8 sections sagittales et 8 sections transversales. L'architecture vasculaire à l'intérieur des carrés et les relations artérielles entre eux ont été étudiées et mesurées par angiographie, dissection au microscope opérateur et reconstruction computérisée en 3D. Les paumes amputées ont été regroupées en 4 types d'après la distribution des vaisseaux sanguins. Les données anatomiques concernant les anastomoses vasculaires sont précisées. Il existe trois zones clés pour l'irrigation de la paume. Leur importance quant à l'irrigation de la main est exposée. Outre la division des paumes amputées transversalement en 4 types, le programme de réparation de vaisseaux dans les 4 types d'amputations obliques communes de la paume et aussi discuté.

     

Antimicrobial Activities of Skincare Preparations from Plant Extracts

In this study, Tithonia diversifolia Helms. (A Gray), Aloe secundiflora (Miller) and Azadirachta indica (A. Juss) plant extracts were used to make herbal soaps while Thevetia peruviana (Schum) seed oil was used to make a herbal lotion for skincare. The soaps were tested for the growth inhibition of Escherichia coli, and Candida albicans. The lotion was evaluated against Staphylococcus aureus and E.coli. Although Tithonia diversifolia soap exhibited the highest inhibitory effect on the test bacterial strains, it had the least inhibition against C. albicans. Results from this study indicated that the ‘Tithonia diversifolia’ soap would have superior skin protection against the tested bacteria but would offer the least skin protection against C. albicans. The herbal lotion inhibited S. aureus and E. coli in a concentration dependent manner, however, the inhibitory effect was more pronounced on S. aureus.     

Biological and immunological properties of haemagglutinin and neuraminidase expressed from cloned cDNAs in prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells

To study the biological and immunological properties of influenza virus surface glycoproteins, cDNA copies of the haemagglutinin (HA) and the neuraminidase (NA) genes of A/WSN/33 influenza virus were cloned and expressed in prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. In Escherichia coli, maximum expression of HA is obtained only as a fusion protein in which the NH₂-terminal portion is provided by a bacterial protein (i.e. βgal or trpLE′). The HA expressed in bacteria (bacterial HA) is recognized by polyclonal anti-WSN antibodies but not by neutralizing monoclonal antibodies. The antibodies made against the bacterial HA bind to the detergent-treated viral HA, intact virus and live influenza infected cells, but fail to show either haemagglutination inhibition (HI) or virus neutralization. These results suggest that the three-dimensional structure as well as the antigenic epitopes of the bacterial HA are different from that of native viral HA. HA, expressed from cDNA in cultured animal cells, is shown to possess the structural features of the native viral HA. It is glycosylated, transported to the apical domain of the plasma membrane of polarized cells, causes haemadsorption and can induce cell to cell fusion at low pH after proteolytic cleavage. An attempt was made to define the structural features of HA required for sorting and directional transport by making chimeras with vesicular stomatitis virus G (VSV G) protein either by switching the amino terminus or the carboxy terminus of HA with that of VSV G. These chimeric proteins were translocated across the rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER) but were blocked in transport between the RER and cell membrane. These preliminary results indicate that the three-dimensional structure, in addition to specific sequences, may play a critical role in the transport process. More precise constructions are in progress to delineate the functions of the different domains of HA molecule. HA has been expressed in the lower eukaryote Saccharomyces cerevisiae (baker's yeast). The HA expressed in yeast (yeast-HA) is glycosylated and membrane-bound. It is recognized by both the polyclonal and neutralizing monoclonal antibodies made against the native HA. These results suggest that the yeast-HA retains the antigenic epitopes present in the native viral HA and therefore may be of significance in the development of a subunit vaccine. NA, the other influenza glycoprotein, has been expressed from the cloned cDNA in cultured monkey kidney cells and the expressed NA, like the native viral NA, is glycosylated and enzymatically active. Furthermore, it has been shown that the NH₂-terminus of NA, in addition to providing the anchor function, also provides the signal function for translocation across the rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER). Like HA, NA expressed from cloned cDNA is preferentially transported to the apical domain of the plasma membrane of polarized epithelial cells.     

谷氨酸脱羧酶抑制剂L-苹果酸对小鼠学习记忆的影响

跳台法和Y迷宫法试验表明,小鼠po L-苹果酸600mg·kg^-1连续5d后对记忆的获得、巩固和再现均有明显的改善作用,并能促进空间辨别学习能力;L-苹果酸改善记忆的作用能被NMDA受体拮抗剂氯胺酮所拮抗。脑内游离氨基酸测定显示,L-苹果酸可明显降低小鼠脑内GABA水平,提高Glu/GABA比值。实验结果表明,脑内GABA水平下降,Glu/GABA比值升高对学习记忆有正性调节作用。     

Wound dressings

There are currently hundreds of dressings on the market to aid in wound management. Before selecting a dressing for a particular wound, a practitioner must assess carefully the needs of the wound to understand which dressing would provide maximal benefit. Frequently, there is not one clear best choice, and it is crucial that the pros and cons of each dressing modality be understood. This article has provided a framework to assist in dressing assessment.