Modeling in Frequency Domain Used for Assessment of In Vivo Dissolution Profile

Purpose. To present a model-dependent approach for the assessment of the in vivo drug dissolution profile based on in vitrodata for the multiple unit dosage form, as an alternative to the numerical method proposed in the study by Hayashi et al, Pharm. Res. 12:1333–1337 (1995). Methods. The data for aspirin granules administered to healthy subjects obtained in the above mentioned study were re-evaluated. The subject dissolution system was considered to consist of two subsystems connected in series, i.e. the subsystem describing the gastric-emptying process and the subsystem describing the intestinal dissolution process. The frequency response method was used to model the subject dissolution system. Results. The model in vivodissolution profile of aspirin, assessed as the integral of the model weighting function of the subject dissolution system, was in agreement with the in vivo cumulative absorption profile calculated by the Wagner-Nelson method. Conclusions. Comparison of dynamic properties of the subject dissolution system with the subsystem describing the gastric-emptying process yielded quantitative confirmation of the decisive role of the gastric-emptying process in the in vivodrug dissolution after administration in the multi unit dosage form.     

股骨干骨折--扩髓和不扩髓髓内钉比较

治疗股骨干骨折，采用不扩髓髓内钉比扩髓髓内钉手术时间明显缩短，而且失血也少。但是，扩髓钉的骨愈合更快，延迟愈合更少。两者都没有显著增加包括肺损害等其它并发症的风险。功能结果不能确定。     

GustiloⅢB和ⅢC高能量胫骨骨折--截肢与保肢的比较

截肢和保肢患者长期的功能和心理结果相似。如果早期不截肢而采取保肢,就必须考虑到:二期截肢的风险(5%～14%)、潜在的并发症(保肢术通常更高)以及住院时间延长。由于胫骨骨折严重程度不同采取的治疗可能不同(G ustiloⅢC型比ⅢB型更可能截肢),这使得对比很困难,而且相关的队列研究文献很少。     

Alkaptonuria in the Trenčín District of Czechoslovakia

For several years the Clinical Genetics Research Laboratory at Martin, Czechoslovakia, has been studying alkaptonuria (AU) in the northern part of the District of Tren?ín in Slovakia. These affected individuals are part of a group of 103 alkaptonurics originated mostly in the mountainous parts of Slovakia. We report results of pedigree analyses; population and affected-family biochemical urine screening; estimation of inbreeding coefficient, of exogamy rate and of average marital distance and of calculation of the frequency of the AU allele, and of homozygotes and jeterozygotes in this portion of the Tren?ín District. Twelve homozygotes were found, but seven originated from a single hamlet in which a founder effect – genetic drift and inbreeding – are thought to account for the high prevalance of AU.     

Induction of biologically active antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibodies by immunization with human apoptotic polymorphonuclear leukocytes

Translocation of intracellular components to the cell surface during the priming or apoptosis of polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMN) is an important mechanism for interaction of antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibodies (ANCA) with these antigens. To test the capacity of apoptotic PMN to trigger production of ANCA, six groups of mice were immunized with either live or apoptotic lymphocytes, or with live, apoptotic, formalin-fixed, or lysed PMN. Mice immunized with both live and apoptotic neutrophils developed high titers of antibodies which gave a granular cytoplasmic immunofluorescent pattern. These antibodies were specific for lactoferrin and myeloperoxidase. Following a second intravenous infusion of apoptotic PMNs, mice developed anti-PR3 antibodies. Vasculitis lesions were not found in mice which developed ANCA. The ANCA-containing IgG fraction induced superoxide production by human PMNs. These results support the hypothesis that neutrophil-specific antigens presented on the cell membranes of apoptotic PMN may induce ANCA in the proper conditions.     

A contribution to sonograph image quality estimation using point spread function

In medical sonography, sonograph image quality is an essential aspect for the safety of both patient and doctor. Its evaluation therefore requires an accurate and objective method for measurement. In this regard, a number of methods are in current use. Most of these are based on tissue mimicking phantom imaging. In contrast, we have used another principle based on Point Spread Function (PSF) analysis which is a product of the measuring system we have developed. In this case, the measured sonograph scans a small metallic ball target that moves in a water bath on a specified trajectory. The Region Of Interest (ROI) of the sonogram containing the ball target picture is digitised and the amplitude of the pixels analysed. The result is the PSF from which we calculate the lateral resolution (LR). For this purpose, we use our own original software. Using this method, we have to date been able to plot LR characteristics over the scanning plane. The method allows us to differentiate separate scanning lines and even multiple focal areas for dynamic focussing systems. It can detect malfunctions in dynamic focussing, size of aperture, time gain compensation function and/or transducer element failure. The procedure itself is not as easy or as fast to use as tissue mimicking phantoms or 3D signal to noise ratio evaluation, but it provides accurate and objective numeric parameters corresponding to the quality of image at any specified point over the whole scanning area. It is also a very powerful tool when used in combination with the other methods mentioned above.     

Maximal oxygen consumption,pulmonary function,body composition,and anthropometry of adolescent female athletes

Three groups of girl athletes — 10 gymnasts and 8 middle-distance swimmers averaging 14 years of age, and 8 middle-distance runners averaging almost 19 — were the subjects of this study. The maximal oxygen intake was determined by graded work load on a bicycle ergometer, certain pulmonary functions by spirometry, and total body potassium by wholebody counting of naturally radioactive⁴⁰K. The total body water was obtained from measurements of deuterium oxide and application of the dilution principle, and creatinine excretion was determined from urine collections. Fat-free mass was calculated from total body water, and the amount of body fat was obtained by subtracting fat-free mass from body weight. Cell mass was calculated from total body potassium. Supporting evidence of leanness or fatness was provided by anthropometric measurements.The runners and swimmers achieved significantly higher maximal oxygen consumption per kg of body weight, fat-free mass, and cell mass; and the runners excelled the gymnasts in certain other pulmonary functions. Total body potassium in milliequivalents per kg of body weight, total body water expressed in percentage of body weight, and creatinine coefficients were similar in all three groups of subjects. These results indicated no differences in body composition. Calculations of body fat, fat-free mass, and cellular mass verified that conclusion; and supporting evidence was obtained from subcutaneous fat folds and from appraisal of leanness by corrected limb diameters or volumes, which also were similar in all three groups.     

Structure-intestinal transport and structure-metabolism correlations of some potential cancerostatic pyrimidine nucleosides in isolated rat jejunum

Summary Both transport and biotransformation processes for a series of pyrimidine nucleobases, ribonucleosides, 2-deoxyribonucleosides, and acetyl and 5-substituted derivatives of the cancerostatic agent araC were studied in the isolated everted rat jejunum with a continuous perfusion technique. Metabolic alterations during penetration were assessed by HPLC. 5-Halogeno and 5-deoxy derivatives of cytosine nucleosides exhibited higher transport rates and higher stability towards the deamination reaction than did unsubstituted derivatives. Octanol-buffer partition coefficients were estimated for the study compounds, and fragmental constants for the sugar moieties of nucleosides were assessed. With the present study compounds there was no correlation between lipophilicity and transport rate, as previously reported, but there was a correlation between lipophilicity and metabolic alteration of araC derivatives (r=0.99, n=5).     

Healthy Food on Instagram Social Network: Vegan,Homemade and Clean Eating

Social media platforms have become part of many people’s lives. Users are spending more and more time on these platforms, creating an active and passive digital footprint through their interaction. This footprint has high research potential in many research areas because understanding people’s communication on social media is essential in understanding their values, attitudes, experiences and behaviors. Researchers found that the use of social networking sites impacts adolescents’ eating behavior. If we define adolescents as individuals between ages 10 and 24 (WHO’s definition), 76% of USA young people at age 18–⁠24 use Instagram, so the Instagram social network analysis is important for understanding young people’s expressions in the context of healthy food. This study aims to identify the main topic associated with healthy food on the Instagram social network via hashtag and community analysis based on 2,045,653 messages created by 427,936 individual users. The results show that users most associate Healthy food with healthy lifestyle, fitness, weight loss and diet. In terms of food, these are foods that are Vegan, Homemade, Clean and Plant-based. Given that young people change their behavior in relation to people’s behavior on social networks, it is possible to use this data to predict their future association with healthy food characteristics.