Basismaßnahmen zur Wiederbelebung Erwachsener (Basic Life Support)

Notfall + Rettungsmedizin - Der Europäische Rat für Wiederbelebung hat diese Leitlinie – Basismaßnahmen zur Wiederbelebung – auf Grundlage des...     

Effect of configuration of muramyl dipeptide glycoside bond and structure of glycoside aglycon on their capacity to stimulate production of interleukin-1 and tumor necrosis factor by macrophages

Effects of 11 original glycoside derivatives of muramyl dipeptide on the production of interleukin-1 and tumor necrosis factor by mouse peritoneal macrophages were studied. The relationship between macrophage activation evaluated by induction of these cytokines and configuration of glycoside bond and aglycon structure of MDP was revealed.     

Precision sutures of bile ducts in experimental cholangitis

Experimental study of the use of the precision suture techniques in application to the hepaticocholedochus and in formation of biliodigestive anastomoses in cholangitis revealed the advantages of the precision suture over the "traditional" one. The precision suture is very strong and air-tight, provides adequate adaptation of the coats of the hepaticocholedochus and the small intestine and creates thus optimum conditions for healing; when used in combination with absorbable suture material it excludes the formation of ligature cholelithiasis and reduces the risk of cicatricial stenosis.     

Bacteriophage Cocktails in the Post-COVID Rehabilitation

Increasing evidence suggests that gut dysbiosis is associated with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) infection and may persist long after disease resolution. The excessive use of antimicrobials in patients with COVID-19 can lead to additional destruction of the microbiota, as well as to the growth and spread of antimicrobial resistance. The problem of bacterial resistance to antibiotics encourages the search for alternative methods of limiting bacterial growth and restoring the normal balance of the microbiota in the human body. Bacteriophages are promising candidates as potential regulators of the microbiota. In the present study, two complex phage cocktails targeting multiple bacterial species were used in the rehabilitation of thirty patients after COVID-19, and the effectiveness of the bacteriophages against the clinical strain of Klebsiella pneumoniae was evaluated for the first time using real-time visualization on a 3D Cell Explorer microscope. Application of phage cocktails for two weeks showed safety and the absence of adverse effects. An almost threefold statistically significant decrease in the anaerobic imbalance ratio, together with an erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR), was detected. This work will serve as a starting point for a broader and more detailed study of the use of phages and their effects on the microbiome.     

The Role of Von Willebrand Factor in the Pathogenesis of Pulmonary Vascular Thrombosis in COVID-19

The increased plasma levels of von Willebrand factor (VWF) in patients with COVID-19 was reported in many studies, and its correlation with disease severity and mortality suggest its important role in the pathogenesis of thrombosis in COVID-19. We performed histological and immunohistochemical studies of the lungs of 29 patients who died from COVID-19. We found a significant increase in the intensity of immunohistochemical reaction for VWF in the pulmonary vascular endothelium when the disease duration was more than 10 days. In the patients who had thrombotic complications, the VWF immunostaining in the pulmonary vascular endothelium was significantly more intense than in nonsurvivors without thrombotic complications. Duration of disease and thrombotic complications were found to be independent predictors of increased VWF immunostaining in the endothelium of pulmonary vessels. We also revealed that bacterial pneumonia was associated with increased VWF staining intensity in pulmonary arterial, arteriolar, and venular endothelium, while lung ventilation was an independent predictor of increased VWF immunostaining in arterial endothelium. The results of the study demonstrated an important role of endothelial VWF in the pathogenesis of thrombus formation in COVID-19.     

Diagnosis and treatment of different types of high scar strictures of the hepatic ducts

Results of treatment of 224 patients with scar strictures of the hepatic ducts (BSDH) are presented. Based on Bismuth's classification of BSDH E.I. Galperin (2002) proposed own one. According to this classification there were 17 (7,6%) patients with type "+2" (stump of common hepatic duct - CHD more than 2 cm), 26 (11,6%) - with type "+1" (stump of CHD 1 - 2 cm), 72 (32,2%) - with "0" type (stump of CHD less than 1 cm), 54 (24,1%) - with "-1" type (upper fornix of CHD confluence is not affected), 35 (17,4%) - with "-2" type (CHD confluence is destroyed), 20 (8,9%) - with "-3" type (strictures of segmental ducts). There were greater number of previous surgeries in the patients with "-1" and "-2" types (p<0,05). Jaundice and secondary biliary liver cirrhosis were seen more frequently in types "0" - "-3". Hepaticojejunostomy was the surgery of choice. For approach to unaltered wall of hepatic ducts (HD) section of lobar ducts in types "+1", "0", excision of portal plate and partial resection of IV hepatic segment (31 patients) in "-1" - "-3" types were used. Exchangeable transhepatic drainage (ETD) was applied in 31 patients due to impossibility to excise scar tissues completely. In early postoperative period 9 (4%) patients died due to purulent cholangitis (7 patients) and insufficiency of anastomosis (2 patients). Long-term results were evaluated in 180 (80,4%) patients from 1 to 14 (6,6+/-3,9) years of follow-up. Thirteen surgeries were performed for repeated strictures. The main cause of restrictures was inadequate resection of scar tissues and unreasonable refusal of ETD (7 patients). Developed surgical technique in different types of strictures permits to reduce postoperative lethality and the rate of restrictures.     

Characterization of lymphokine-activated killer cells obtained from the natural killers--T cells of patients with hepatic tumor lesion

To analyze the functions of lymphokine-activated killer cells (LAKC) and to study their phenotype are of paramount importance in the assessment of their role in antitumor immunity. The natural killers--hepatic T cells--have been shown to be used to prepare LAKS that have a higher cytotoxic activity than LAKS that are generalized from peripheral mononuclear cells.     

Characteristics of surgical treatment of benign bifurcation strictures of the hepatic ducts

Experience in the treatment of 195 patients with benign bifurcation stricture of the hepatic ducts is discussed. This group was made up of patients with the cicatricial process involving the region of the bifurcation or continuing to one or both lobar hepatic ducts. Two basic methods of bile--diverting operations were used: with carcass drainage (mono- and bilateral) of the anastomosis and hepatic ducts (n-155) and without a carcass drainage with the formation of a widecholecysto- intestinal anastomosis (through inclusion of the left lobar hepatic duct) by means of interrupted sutures without grasping the mucous membranes of the hepatic ducts and intestine (h-36). A combined method was used in 4 patients with an isolated stenosis of the right hepatic duct and an intact left hepatic duct. Intubation of both lobar hepatic ducts is considered necessary in patients with a bifurcation stricture in the existence of indications for carcass drainage of the bile-diverting anastomosis. Analysis of the immediate and late--term results showed that the postoperative period was more favourable in patients with bilateral carcass drainage of the bile-diverting anastomosis and in those with a precision anastomosis that in patients with monolateral drainage (complications occurred, respectively, in 16.3% and 46.6% of patients, and a good late-term results was encountered, respectively, in 78.5% and 55% of patients). The stricture did not recur in patients with a precision anastomosis and in those with bilateral carcass drainage.