Single center experience of 39 patients with preoperative portal vein thrombosis among 404 adult living donor liver transplantations.

Living donor liver transplantation (LDLT) for patients with portal vein thrombosis (PVT) involves technical difficulty. The aim of this research was to analyze their preoperative diagnosis of PVT, operative procedures, and postoperative courses of patients with preoperative PVT. Thirty-nine patients of 404 adult patients (9.7%) undergoing LDLT in our hospital from 1996 June to 2004 December had PVT at their transplantation. Twenty-nine patients had intractable ascites, 21 had gastrointestinal bleeding, and 18 had encephalopathy. The thrombus was located in the portal trunk in 23, in the portal trunk and superior mesenteric vein (SMV) in 7, and developed into the SMV and the splenic vein in 8. The occlusive grade was partial in 29, and complete in 10 patients. The thrombus was removed by a simple technique, and eversion and/or incision technique, or total removal of the portal vein (PV). The PV was reconstructed with the thrombectomized native PV, with an interposed vein graft, or porto-caval hemitransposition. Advanced PVT had a significant impact on blood loss and hospital mortality. Three out of 10 patients with residual PVT required radiological and/or surgical intervention after transplantation. In conclusion, thorough planning is essential for a successful LDLT outcome for patients with preexisting PVT.     

Association between commensal bacteria and opportunistic pathogens in the dental plaque of elderly individuals

Opportunistic infections in the oral cavity of the elderly may increase the incidence of systemic disease. The objective of this study was to investigate the differences in the oral bacterial flora between dependent elderly (inpatients) and independent elderly (community-dwelling residents). After multiple variables were taken into account, inpatients had significantly lower detection rates than community-dwelling residents for alpha-streptococci (p < 0.001) and Neisseria (p 0.004), and higher detection rates for Pseudomonas aeruginosa (p 0.024), methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) (p 0.011) and Actinomyces spp. (p 0.005). Among inpatients, the requirement for a high degree of care was related negatively to detection of alpha-streptococci, but was related significantly to detection of P. aeruginosa (p 0.018) or MRSA (p 0.004). Tube-fed inpatients had a significantly lower detection rate for alpha-streptococci (p 0.041) and a higher detection rate for P. aeruginosa (p 0.004) than those who did not require tube feeding. Inpatients with a history of antibiotic use had a significantly lower detection rate for alpha-streptococci (p 0.049) and a higher detection rate for MRSA (p 0.007) than those without a history of antibiotic use. The detection rates for P. aeruginosa or MRSA in inpatients without alpha-streptococci were higher than in inpatients with alpha-streptococci after controlling for age and gender (P. aeruginosa, p 0.006; MRSA, p 0.001). Overall, detection of alpha-streptococci had an inverse correlation with the detection of P. aeruginosa and MRSA in the oral cavity and is likely to be an indicator of pathogenic bacterial infection.     

A nationwide survey on transient hyperammonemia in newborn infants in Japan: prognosis of life and neurological outcome.

A nationwide survey of transient hyperammonemia in newborns was carried out in Japan. A total of 18 patients, consisting of 12 male and 6 female infants, were reported from 11 facilities. These neonates exhibited hyperammonemia with plasma ammonia levels in the range from 124 to 6256 micrograms/dl. Four newborn infants of the 18 died in the neonatal period, and an additional one died in the early infancy. Among the 13 infants who were alive at the time of this survey, 6 had neurological sequelae, including mental retardation, spastic quadriplegia and epilepsy. The multivariate analysis revealed that the Apgar score at 1 minute, peak plasma ammonia concentration, birth weight and sex were significant factors affecting the prognosis of life.     

Living donor liver transplantation for biliary atresia complicated by situs inversus: technical highlights.

Living-donor liver transplantation (LDLT) has become an established technique to treat children with end-stage liver disease. Biliary atresia (BA), one of the most common indications for liver transplantation in children, can be associated with situs inversus (SI). In the past, the presence of SI has been considered to be an absolute contraindication for liver transplantation because of the technical difficulties. Recently, some reports of successful diseased-donor liver transplantation in patients with BA complicated by SI have been published; however, few reports of that with LDLT exist. The technical difficulties involved with LDLT for such cases have not been described. Herein, we present 4 successful cases of LDLT for BA with SI. Complex anomalies associated with SI, such as a hepatic artery arising from the supraceliac aorta, a preduodenal portal vein, and absence of the retrohepatic inferior vena cava, increase the technical difficulties involved with the operation. Additional caution is required in LDLT because a living-donor graft has short vessels and the availability of vascular grafts from the donor is limited. In conclusion, LDLT for BA complicated by SI can be managed successfully with technical modifications and scrupulous attention. This series represents the largest reported group of patients with BA complicated by SI who underwent a successful LDLT procedure.     

Autocrine growth and tumorigenicity of interleukin 2-dependent helper T cells transfected with IL-2 gene

We introduced a mouse IL-2 cDNA expression vector into an IL-2-dependent mouse helper T cell line HT-2. Transfected cells secreted substantial amounts of IL-2, to which they themselves responded by proliferating without further requirement for exogenous IL-2. The proliferation was a direct function of the cell density and was inhibitable by antibodies against IL-2 or IL-2-R, indicating the autocrine nature of the proliferation. Those producing higher amounts of IL-2 were found to be tumorigenic when inoculated into nude mice. The latency period of tumor development correlated inversely with the level of IL-2 secreted. Tumor cells proliferated in vitro in an IL-2 autocrine fashion indistinguishable from that of the inoculated cells. We thus provide evidence that the aberrant activation of the IL-2 autocrine circuit can lead T cells to malignant transformation.     

Successful treatment with balloon dilatation using a double‐balloon enteroscope for a stricture in the small bowel of a patient with Crohn's disease

The requirement for endoscopic access to a stricture is a major limitation of the endoscopic dilatation for the treatment of strictures in the gastrointestinal tract. We have developed the double‐balloon enteroscopy method that enables visualization of the entire small bowel. In addition, double‐balloon enteroscopy has a potential for the interventional therapy including dilatation of strictures. We present here a case of jejunal strictures in a 47‐year‐old woman with Crohn's disease successfully treated with a balloon catheter in combination with double‐balloon enteroscopy. Balloon dilation with double‐balloon enteroscopy is a promising method for the treatment of small bowel strictures in Crohn's disease.     

Initial steroid bolus injection promotes vigorous CD8+ alloreactive responses toward early graft acceptance immediately after liver transplantation in humans.

We have found that steroid bolus withdrawal prior to graft reperfusion increased the incidence of acute cellular rejection (ACR). This study aims to clarify how initial steroid bolus (ISB) injection at reperfusion influences the kinetics of CD8(+) alloreactive immune responses immediately after living donor liver transplantation (LDLT). A total of 49 hepatitis C virus (HCV)-infected recipients were classified into 3 groups according to hierarchical clustering by preoperative CD8(+)CD45 isoforms. The naive T cell proportion was considerably higher in Group I than in Groups II and III, whereas Group II recipients had the highest effector memory (EM) T cells and Group III the highest effector T cells. The frequency of ACR was significantly higher in recipients without ISB than in those with ISB. In particular, the ACR rates were the highest in Group II without ISB. Following ISB, the proportion of effector T cells was promptly upregulated within 6 hours after graft reperfusion, simultaneously with the upregulation of CD27(-)CD28(-) subsets, interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma), tumor necrosis factor-alpha and perforin expression, which significantly correlated with increasing interleukin (IL)-12 receptor beta 1 cells. These were then downregulated to below preoperative levels by tacrolimus (Tac) administered at 24 hours. These changes did not occur in the absence of ISB. In Group II without ISB, the downregulation of IL-12Rbeta1(+) cells was the greatest, consistent with the highest rates of ACR and mortality (60%). In conclusion, ISB must be done in place, especially in Group II with preexisting high EM T cells, to enable the development of early allograft acceptance.