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1.
Two experiments were carried out in order to separate the effects of the behavioral and the anatomical components of female sexual attractiveness in baboons. In the first experiment, two ovariectomized females were given increasing dosages of exogenous estradiol benzoate, and data were collected on their behavior as well as on male sexual arousal as assessed by the occurrence of coagulated seminal emissions of the type that result from masturbation. Male sexual arousal levels increased positively with the females' perineal swellings and appeared relatively unrelated to the females' behavior. In the second experiment, data were collected from five different groups of males in a systematic fashion across the period of a full menstrual cycle for their varied stimulus female partners. Behavior observations were carried out on the five different stimulus females, and ratings also were made of fluctuations in their perineal tumescence. The results of this experiment make it clear that male sexual arousal fluctuated across the study cycles in a fashion very similar to that of the perineal swellings of the stimulus females. Behavior was shown during all phases of the cycle, and, although it may have had a positive influence on male arousal during the follicular phase of the female's cycle, it had no apparent effect during the luteal phase. These results taken together establish for the first time that an estrogen stimulated female perineum per se has the potential to sexually arouse the male baboon. In addition, the data suggest that, although behavior may exert a positive effect on male arousal, in the absence of an estrogen stimulated perineum it is not sufficient to arouse males to masturbate. Finally the results establish that, although intact females appear to show behavior increases which may be arousing to males around the time of ovulation, these behaviors do not have to be shown by a female in order to arouse a male, provided she is swollen. 相似文献
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Y Leskinen JP Salenius T Lehtim?ki H Huhtala H Saha 《American journal of kidney diseases》2002,40(3):472-479
BACKGROUND: Knowledge of the prevalence of peripheral arterial disease (PAD) in patients with chronic renal failure (CRF) is limited because of a lack of uniformity in disease definition and recognition. Furthermore, little is known of the prevalence of medial arterial calcification (MAC) in patients with CRF. Our goal is to study the prevalence of PAD and MAC defined by ankle brachial index (ABI) or toe brachial index (TBI) measurements in a Finnish population of patients with CRF consisting of predialysis and dialysis patients, as well as renal transplant recipients. METHODS: We examined 136 patients with CRF and 59 control subjects. Fifty-nine of the patients with CRF had moderate to severe predialysis CRF, 36 patients were on dialysis treatment, and 41 were renal transplant recipients. Mean age of patients was 51.9 +/- 11.5 years, and 39 patients (29%) had diabetes. ABI and TBI were measured by means of photoplethysmography. The definition of PAD required an ABI value of 0.90 or less, a TBI value of 0.60 or less, or a previous positive lower-extremity angiogram result. ABI values of 1.3 or greater or incompressible arteries at ankle level indicated MAC. The presence of claudication was determined by an interview. RESULTS: Prevalences of PAD on this study were 22.0% in patients with predialysis CRF, 30.6% in patients on dialysis treatment, 14.6% in renal transplant recipients, and 1.7% in the control group (P = 0.001). Prevalences of MAC were 23.7%, 41.7%, 23.1%, and 3.4% (P < 0.001), respectively. Only 9 patients had claudication, and 6 of those patients had PAD. CONCLUSION: Both asymptomatic PAD and MAC are common in patients with CRF. Therefore, we recommend the use of both ABI and TBI measurements in the evaluation of PAD in patients with CRF. 相似文献
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We used arthrotomography to study the glenoid labrum in 114 patients. Sixty-nine of the patients had anatomic instability of the shoulder (including recurrent dislocation and subluxation of the shoulder), and 45 patients had functional instability of the shoulder (denoted by chronic pain, clicking of the joint, and the sensation that an unstable condition exists without the objective signs of it). Labral tears were revealed arthrotomographically in 86% of the patients with anatomic instability, while only 40% of the patients with functional instability had labral abnormalities, and these were primarily of minor severity. Fifty-six patients (44 of whom had anatomic instability; 12, functional instability) required surgery. The surgical findings were correlated with the arthrotomographic findings, and no false-positive results were revealed. However, arthrotomography demonstrated only part of the pathologic condition of two patients. These results confirm that there is a strong correlation between labral pathologic conditions and anatomic instability of the shoulder. Arthrotomographic studies have a great impact on the selection of therapy in cases of both anatomic and functional instability of the shoulder. 相似文献