Community mental health centers and insurance reimbursements

This study represents the first of a two-stage project. The first phase of the study examined the funding sources for the 40 Community Services Boards in Virginia. Data provided from the Department of Mental Health and Mental Retardation in Virginia examined fee collections which are comprised of direct client, commercial insurance, Medicaid and Medicare. An analysis of quarterly reports from 1982 to 1984 revealed that Medicaid collections have decreased significantly, while commercial insurance reimbursements have increased significantly. These results, although limited to data from Virginia, point to the need to examine if these shifts are occurring nation-wide, and to determine if the shift toward commercial insurance is impacting upon the delivery of services in Community Mental Health Centers.     

Open, Double-Blind and Long-Term Study of Vigabatrin in Chronic Epilepsy

We performed an open, double-blind, and long-term study of vigabatrin (gamma-vinyl-GABA, GVG) in patients with treatment-resistant epilepsy who were receiving only one or at most two standard antiepileptic drugs (AEDs). The novel design included a parallel, double-blind, placebo-controlled phase that minimized the number of patients receiving placebo and allowed determination of the optimum dose of GVG for each patient before initiation of the double-blind phase. The study was divided into four phases. The first phase was a 6-week period of baseline observation. In the second phase, GVG was added openly to previous AEDs for 8 weeks. During the first 2 weeks of this phase, the dose of GVG was increased weekly and then, in the absence of adverse effects, was held constant for the next 6 weeks. At the end of this open phase, seizure frequency during the 6 weeks of constant treatment was compared with the baseline seizure frequency for each patient. Patients who experienced reduction greater than 50% in the frequency of any seizure type during the open phase were defined as responders. These responders were then entered into the third and double-blind phase, in which they were randomly allocated wither to continue active GVG treatment or placebo for 8 weeks. Thirty-three patients entered the study; 31 of 33 patients completed the initial open phase. Twenty patients achieved a reduction greater than or equal to 50% in the frequency of one or more seizure types and were eligible for the double-blind phase; 10 were randomized to continue GVG and 10 were randomized to placebo.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)     

The knowledge of the obligatory reporting of diseases among health professionals]

In order to assess what different health care workers (mainly physicians and nursing staff) know about the reporting of communicable diseases, with special emphasis on diseases that must be urgently reported, four groups were interviewed about this health information system (91 persons, who took part in different Public Health Seminars during the periods 1989-90 and 1990-91). The total mean score was 16.6 +/- 5.2, in a quantitative scale ranging from 0 to 27 points. Cholera was the communicable disease with the highest percentage of correct answers concerning the knowledge of its reporting (100% in two groups), while typhus was the disease with the lowest percentage (23%). The diversity of the results within the study groups suggests that it is necessary to insist on a continuous training on epidemiological surveillance and communicable diseases within Public Health activities in Catalonia.     

Contraceptive efficacy of the Copper T380A and the Multiload Cu250 IUD in three developing countries

The clinical performance of the Copper T380A (TCu380A) and the Multiload 250 (MLCu250) intrauterine devices (IUDs) were evaluated for 12 months in a group of women who had one of the two IUDs inserted. Results are from a randomized clinical trial conducted at four collaborating research sites located in three developing countries.The gross cumulative life-table pregnancy rate of the TCu380A IUD was significantly lower than the rate with the MLCu250 IUD at 12 months (0.5 and 1.2, respectively,p<0.01). No statistically significant differences between the two study IUDs were found with regard to IUD expulsion or IUD removal due to bleeding/pain, personal reasons, medical reasons, or planned pregnancy. TCu380A IUD users were more likely to report experiencing increased dysmenorrhea (p<0.01) or intermenstrual pelvic pain (p<0.01) than were MLCu250 IUD users. However, few of these users discontinued use of their assigned IUD because of having experienced menstrual bleeding disturbances or intermenstrual pelvic pain.These data indicate that the TCu380A IUD may be a better option than the MLCu250 IUD for women wishing to practice highly effective long-term birth control without having to resort to hormonal methods.

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Resumen El resultado clínico de los dispositivos intrauterinos (DIU) Copper T380A y Multiload 250 (MLCu250) se evaluó durante 12 meses en un grupo de mujeres a quienes se había colocado uno de los dos DIU. Los resultados corresponden a un ensayo clínico aleatorizado efectuado en cuatro emplazamientos de investigaciones en colaboración situados en tres países en desarrollo.La tasa bruta acumulativa de embarazo de las tablas de vida del DIU TCu380A fue significativamente inferior a la tasa correspondiente al DIU MLCu250 a los 12 meses (0,5 y 1,2, respectivamente,p<0,01)). No hubo diferencias estadísticamente significativas entre los dos DIU del estudio con respecto a su expulsión o retiro debido a microrragia/dolor, razones personales, razones médicas o embarazo planificado. Era más probable que las usuarias del DIU TCu380A notificaran mayor dismenorrea (p<0,01) o dolor pélvico intermenstrual (p<0,01) que las usuarias del DIU MLCu250. Sin embargo, un número menor de este grupo de usuarias dejó de utilizar el DIU que le había sido asignado por haber experimentado trastornos menstruales de microrragia o dolor pélvico intermenstrual.Estos datos indican que el DIU TCu380A podría ser una mejor opción que el DIU MLCu250 para las mujeres que desean praticar un control de la natalidad a largo plaza altamente eficaz sin tener que recurrir a métodos hormonales.

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Resumé Les résultats cliniques des dispositifs intra-utériens (DIU) Copper T38OA (TCu380A) et Multiload 250 (MLCu250) ont été évalués pendant 12 mois chez un groupe de femmes qui portaient l'un ou l'autre de ces dispositifs. Les résultats proviennent d'un essai clinique randomisé, effectué en collaboration par quatre établissements de recherche dans trois pays en développement.Au terme de 12 mois, le taux brut cumulé de grossesses des tables de survie pour le dispositif TCu380A était significativement inférieur au taux correspondant pour le dispositif MLCu250 (0,5 et 1,2 respectivement,p<0,01). Aucune différence statistiquement significative entre les deux dispositifs étudiés n'a été constatée du point de vue de l'expulsion du DIU ou de son retrait pour cause de microrragie/douleurs, pour des raisons personnelles ou médicales ou pour une grossesse planifiée. Les utilisatrices du TCu380A ont plus fréquemment signalé une dysménorrhée (p<0,01) ou des douleurs pelviennes intermenstruelles (p<0,01) que les utilisatrices du MLCu250. Peu nombreuses était cependant cells qui avaient, en raison de perturbations du flux menstruel ou de douleurs pelviennes intermenstruelles, abandonné l'usage du dispositif qui leur avait été assigné.Ces résultats indiquent que le dispositif TCu380A représente peut-être une meilleure solution que le dispositif MLCu250 pour les femmes recherchant à long terme une méthode hautement efficace de régulation des naissances, sans avoir recours aux méthodes hormonales.

     

Nodular regenerative hyperplasia: a controversial indication for orthotopic liver transplantation

Nodular regenerative hyperplasia of the liver is an uncommon cause of portal hypertension. Patients with nodular regenerative hyperplasia have signs and symptoms of portal hypertension, without evidence of hepatocellular failure or encephalopathy. We report the case of a 44-year-old woman with recurrent esophageal bleeding and refractory ascites who had a history of hemosiderosis, hepatitis C, and chronic renal allograft rejection. Our preoperative diagnosis was cirrhotic end-stage liver disease and end-stage renal disease for which the patient underwent combined hepatic and renal transplantation. Her portal hypertension symptoms resolved, and her renal function has been normal for 18 months of follow-up. Histologic examination of the liver revealed nodular regenerative hyperplasia, and a review of the literature regarding the surgical management of patients with nodular regenerative hyperplasia revealed that various shunting procedures are generally recommended. After the failure of medical management in patients with nodular regenerative hyperplasia, portosystemic shunting may be indicated before proceeding to hepatic transplantation.     

A controlled trial of scheduled replacement of central venous and pulmonary-artery catheters.

BACKGROUND. The incidence of infection increases with the prolonged use of central vascular catheters, but it is unclear whether changing catheters every three days, as some recommend, will reduce the rate of infection, It is also unclear whether it is safer to change a catheter over a guide wire or insert it at a new site. METHODS. We conducted a controlled trial in adult patients in intensive care units who required central venous or pulmonary-artery catheters for more than three days. Patients were assigned randomly to undergo one of four methods of catheter exchange: replacement every three days either by insertion at a new site (group 1) or by exchange over a guide wire (group 2), or replacement when clinically indicated either by insertion at a new site (group 3) or by exchange over a guide wire (group 4). RESULTS. Of the 160 patients, 5 percent had catheter-related bloodstream infections, 16 percent had catheters that became colonized, and 9 percent had major mechanical complications. The incidence rates (per 1000 days of catheter use) of bloodstream infection were 3 in group 1, 6 in group 2, 2 in group 3, and 3 in group 4; the incidence rates of mechanical complications were 14, 4, 8, and 3, respectively. Patients randomly assigned to guide-wire-assisted exchange were more likely to have bloodstream infection after the first three days of catheterization (6 percent vs. 0, P = 0.06). Insertions at new sites were associated with more mechanical complications (5 percent vs. 1 percent, P = 0.005). CONCLUSIONS. Routine replacement of central vascular catheters every three days does not prevent infection. Exchanging catheters with the use of a guide wire increases the risk of bloodstream infection, but replacement involving insertion of catheters at new sites increases the risk of mechanical complications.     

Alcohol dehydrogenase isoenzymes in rat development. Effect of maternal ethanol consumption.

The alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH) isoenzymes (alcohol:NAD oxidoreductase, EC 1.1.1.1) of classes I, III and IV were investigated by activity and starch gel electrophoresis analyses during rat ontogeny. Class I was studied in the liver, class III in the brain and class IV in the stomach and eyes. Classes I and IV exhibited very low activity during the fetal period, reaching 12% and 3%, respectively, of the adult value at birth. Class III was relatively more active in the fetus, with 38% of the adult activity at birth. In the three cases, activity increased after birth and adult values were found around day 20 (classes I and III), day 39 (stomach class IV) and after day 91 (eye class IV). The very low activity of the isoenzymes responsible for ethanol oxidation, i.e. liver class I and stomach class IV, in the fetus demonstrates that metabolism of ethanol during gestation is essentially performed by the maternal tissues. Development of ADH isoenzymes were also studied in the offspring of rats exposed to an alcoholic liquid diet. Activities of liver class I and stomach class IV were severely reduced: they were only 30% and 50%, respectively, of the control values. In contrast, eye class IV activity did not change and brain class III showed a 30% increase. Moreover, the concentration of liver soluble protein exhibited a 1.3-1.5-fold increase with respect to control animals. The effects on activities and liver protein were more pronounced in the adult than in the perinatal period, and they seem irreversible since normal values were not recovered after 6 weeks of feeding with a non-alcoholic diet. The low activities of the alcohol-oxidizing isoenzymes indicate tht maternal ethanol consumption results in an impaired ethanol metabolism of the offspring.