Design and Evaluation of a Functional Electrical Stimulation System for Hand Sensorimotor Augmentation

The aim of this study was to perform a preliminary evaluation of a new method for therapeutic exercise of grasping in patients with upper limb disability. The new method combines active voluntary exercise augmented with electrical stimulation and controlled by using force feedback. The feedback has two functions: automatic control of the intensity of electrical stimulation by minimizing the tracking error, and biofeedback to the patient on the computer screen. The force feedback is realized by the use of a newly designed adjustable hand force measuring device, which comprises two force sensors. The therapy requires from patients to volitionally try to open and close the hand while tracking the target on the screen. The system was evaluated in a pilot study in five healthy and two chronic incomplete tetraplegic subjects. Results in healthy subjects were used for reference and for stimulation controller evaluation. The therapy in incomplete tetraplegic subjects of 45‐min daily session delivered during four weeks. The results of pilot study show that augmentation of voluntary grip force control with presented system is possible.     

Posterior segment conditions associated with myopia and high myopia

Myopia, and especially high myopia, is associated with a number of posterior segment changes that are considered to be mostly a consequence of the increased axial elongation. This can result in mechanical strain, attendant vascular changes, stretching and thinning of tissues, and atrophy/deformation of tissues in later or more advanced stages. Such myopia-related changes are observed as changes and/or abnormalities in the vitreous, choroid, retina and peripheral retina, sclera and/or optic disc. Although many of these changes are benign, at times they may be associated with significant vision impairment that either requires active intervention or may suggest future progression of the disease. This review systematically addresses the posterior segment conditions seen in myopic eyes, describes the features associated with the condition and details management pathways.