A Type 1 diabetes technology pathway: consensus statement for the use of technology in Type 1 diabetes

In both adults and children with diabetes, technologies such as continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion using insulin pumps and continuous glucose monitoring can help improve diabetes control, reduce hypoglycaemia and improve quality of life. Access to these technologies in the UK is very variable. Some technologies are recommended by the National Institute for Health and Care Excellence, while others have not been appraised, and new technologies are emerging all the time. Additionally, different guidelines for adults and children further complicate access to diabetes technology in the transition from paediatric to adult care. Against this background, Diabetes UK and NHS England have brought together a multidisciplinary group of experts, including clinicians and people with diabetes, to develop this consensus guideline, combining the different technologies into a common pathway to aid clinical and policy decision‐making. We created a pathway that supports the incremental addition of technology as monotherapy and then dual therapy in the same way that we incrementally add in therapeutic agents to support people with Type 2 diabetes to achieve their personalized glycaemic targets. The pathway emphasizes the importance of structured education, specialist support and appropriate access to psychological therapies, as essential pillars for optimized use of diabetes‐related technology, and recommends the re‐evaluation of its use when the individual is unable either to use the technology appropriately or to achieve the intended outcomes. This pathway is endorsed by UK‐wide clinical and patient associations and we recommend that providers and commissioners use it to ensure the right individual with diabetes has access to the right technology in a timely way to help achieve better outcomes.     

Increased alpha suppression with age during involuntary memory retrieval

Recent work suggests that while voluntary episodic memory declines with age, involuntary episodic memory, which comes to mind spontaneously without intention, remains relatively intact. However, the neurophysiology underlying these differences has yet to be established. The current study used electroencephalography (EEG) to investigate voluntary and involuntary retrieval in older and younger adults. Participants first encoded sounds, half of which were paired with pictures, the other half unpaired. EEG was then recorded as they listened to the sounds, with participants in the involuntary group performing a sound localization cover task, and those in the voluntary group additionally attempting to recall the associated pictures. Participants later reported which sounds brought the paired picture to mind during the localization task. Reaction times on the localization task were slower for voluntary than involuntary retrieval and for paired than unpaired sounds, possibly reflecting increased attentional demands of voluntary retrieval and interference from reactivation of the associated pictures respectively. For the EEG analyses, young adults showed greater alpha event-related desynchronization (ERD) during voluntary than involuntary retrieval at frontal and occipital sites, while older adults showed pronounced alpha ERD regardless of intention. Additionally, older adults showed greater ERD for paired than unpaired sounds at occipital sites, likely reflecting visual reactivation of the associated pictures. Young adults did not show this alpha ERD memory effect. Taken together, these data suggest that involuntary memory is largely preserved with age, but this may be due to older adults' greater recruitment of top-down control even when demand for such control is limited.     

犀角地黄汤加味通过NF-κB信号通路对败血症导致的炎症和肺损伤的影响

目的研究犀角地黄汤加味对败血症导致的炎症和肺损伤的影响,探讨其对核转录因子-κB(NF-κB)信号通路的调控作用。方法制备败血症小鼠模型,测量血清中乳酸脱氢酶(LDH)反映败血症小鼠的器官损伤程度;HE染色观察败血症小鼠肺组织病理学变化;酶联免疫吸附法测定肺组织中细胞因子白细胞介素-6(IL-6)、白细胞介素-1β(IL-1β)、小鼠巨噬细胞炎症蛋白-2(MIP-2)水平;免疫组化法检测肺组织中粒细胞分化抗原-1(Gr-1)的阳性表达;TUNEL法分析败血症小鼠肺中的TUNEL阳性细胞数量;Western blotting法检测肺组织中NF-κB p65蛋白表达。结果犀角地黄汤加味减轻了败血症小鼠的炎症反应和肺损伤程度,以及嗜中性粒细胞浸润。犀角地黄汤加味显著减少了败血症小鼠肺中的TUNEL阳性细胞数量。结论犀角地黄汤加味可以减轻败血症导致的炎症和肺损伤,可能是通过抑制NF-κB信号通路发挥作用。     

A Call for a National Transplant Surgical Quality Improvement Program

The severity of illness in transplant patients and the complexity of transplant operations results in significant postoperative morbidity and mortality. Remarkable efforts have been made by transplant physicians to study and improve organ allocation, graft and patient survival, immunosuppression and the long-term management of post-transplant complications. Less effort has been spent studying the actual transplant operation and systems of acute transplant care. The National Surgical Quality Improvement Program (NSQIP) has provided a standardized approach to quality improvement and has demonstrated significant potential for a reduction in postoperative morbidity and mortality in other surgical disciplines. Medical centers are under increasing pressure to measure surgical quality and the nexus of transplant surgical quality improvement should not lie in the hands of CMS or JACHO, but rather it should be created and developed within the transplant community. The time has come for a national transplant surgical quality improvement program based on the NSQIP infrastructure. Such a proactive approach toward quality improvement from the transplant community is an excellent investment for patients, providers and health care payers.     

老年患者两种浅静脉穿刺方法比较

目的探讨老年患者最佳静脉穿刺方法。方法随机选择400例60岁以上心血管疾病患者,分别采取正面和侧面穿刺方法,分析不同穿刺方法对穿刺成功率、耗时数、疼痛度的影响。结果正面穿刺比侧面穿刺成功率高(P<0.05);正面穿刺较侧面穿刺疼痛度低(P<0.05);正面穿刺耗时数与侧面穿刺相比差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。结论老年患者血管硬化、弹性下降,适合采用浅静脉正面穿刺。