全文获取类型
收费全文 | 1602篇 |
免费 | 96篇 |
国内免费 | 15篇 |
专业分类
耳鼻咽喉 | 13篇 |
儿科学 | 94篇 |
妇产科学 | 20篇 |
基础医学 | 168篇 |
口腔科学 | 33篇 |
临床医学 | 171篇 |
内科学 | 338篇 |
皮肤病学 | 41篇 |
神经病学 | 53篇 |
特种医学 | 379篇 |
外科学 | 158篇 |
综合类 | 18篇 |
一般理论 | 2篇 |
预防医学 | 58篇 |
眼科学 | 6篇 |
药学 | 60篇 |
中国医学 | 1篇 |
肿瘤学 | 100篇 |
出版年
2023年 | 6篇 |
2022年 | 4篇 |
2021年 | 22篇 |
2020年 | 13篇 |
2019年 | 26篇 |
2018年 | 38篇 |
2017年 | 15篇 |
2016年 | 17篇 |
2015年 | 26篇 |
2014年 | 40篇 |
2013年 | 47篇 |
2012年 | 47篇 |
2011年 | 50篇 |
2010年 | 49篇 |
2009年 | 44篇 |
2008年 | 46篇 |
2007年 | 74篇 |
2006年 | 40篇 |
2005年 | 43篇 |
2004年 | 39篇 |
2003年 | 28篇 |
2002年 | 33篇 |
2001年 | 27篇 |
2000年 | 26篇 |
1999年 | 43篇 |
1998年 | 99篇 |
1997年 | 72篇 |
1996年 | 78篇 |
1995年 | 55篇 |
1994年 | 57篇 |
1993年 | 64篇 |
1992年 | 17篇 |
1991年 | 16篇 |
1990年 | 18篇 |
1989年 | 44篇 |
1988年 | 27篇 |
1987年 | 42篇 |
1986年 | 26篇 |
1985年 | 29篇 |
1984年 | 27篇 |
1983年 | 19篇 |
1982年 | 23篇 |
1981年 | 25篇 |
1980年 | 28篇 |
1979年 | 7篇 |
1978年 | 16篇 |
1977年 | 20篇 |
1976年 | 21篇 |
1975年 | 14篇 |
1970年 | 4篇 |
排序方式: 共有1713条查询结果,搜索用时 0 毫秒
1.
2.
J L Pérez Arellano N M Barrios González T Martín Domínguez M L Sánchez Benítez de Soto A Jiménez López 《Journal of investigational allergology & clinical immunology》1992,2(4):219-228
Experimental models of hypersensitivity pneumonitis are important tools for the study of the pathogenesis of this disease. In this paper we review the characteristics of the main animal models developed until now. The HP models in rats seem to be particularly appropriate for studying pigeon fancier's disease and the HP induced by chemicals, as well as for studying mediators of acute lesions induced by immunocomplexes. However, the HP models developed in rats are of less value in the evaluation of other aspects of the pathogenesis of this clinical entity in humans. The murine models of HP offer several advantages: the ease and simplicity of intranasal administration, the ability to produce acute and subacute pulmonary lesions similar to those found in humans, the possibility of reproducing lesions similar to those of nonaffected exposed subjects and the possibility of pharmacologically modulating the process. Their disadvantages lie in the different pulmonary lymphocyte response and the difficulty in reproducing a model of chronic fibrosis. The HP models in rabbits are extraordinarily useful for evaluating the immunological mechanisms through which subjects repeatedly exposed to the antigen do not develop clinical manifestations. However, the rabbit has several immunological differences when compared to humans, and the effect of some immunomodulators in this animal is different. The models of HP in guinea-pigs have as advantages the ease in handling the animals, the possibility of pharmacological manipulation, and the ability to induce an acute phase that is very similar to that observed in humans. The drawback, however, is the low lymphocyte response and the striking eosinophilic reaction that contrast with the bronchoalveolar data found in HP in humans. In conclusion, there is no ideal model to reproduce all the findings observed in humans, suggesting that the experimental animal and the method of developing HP should be selected on the basis of concrete research aims. 相似文献
3.
4.
5.
6.
Competitive control of the self-renewing T cell repertoire 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
We develop a mathematical model for the self-renewing part of the T cell
repertoire. Assuming that self-renewing T cells have to be stimulated by
immunogenic MHC-peptide complexes presented on the surfaces of
antigen-presenting cells, we derive a model of T cell growth in which
competition for MHC-peptide complexes limits T cell clone sizes and
regulates the total number of self-renewing T cells in the animal. We show
that for a sufficient diversity and/or degree of cross-reactivity, the
total T cell number hardly depends upon the diversity of the T cell
repertoire or the diversity of the set of presented peptides. Conversely,
for repertoires of lower diversity and/or cross-reactivity, steady-state
total T cell numbers may be limited by the diversity of the T cells. This
provides a possible explanation for the limited repertoire expansion in
some, but not all, mouse T cell re-constitution experiments. We suggest
that the competitive interactions described by our model underlie the
normal T cells numbers observed in transgenic mice, germ-free mice and
various knockout mice.
相似文献
7.
Localization of a gene for otosclerosis to chromosome 15q25-q26 总被引:5,自引:0,他引:5
Tomek MS; Brown MR; Mani SR; Ramesh A; Srisailapathy CR; Coucke P; Zbar RI; Bell AM; McGuirt WT; Fukushima K; Willems PJ; Van Camp G; Smith RJ 《Human molecular genetics》1998,7(2):285-290
Among white adults otosclerosis is the single most common cause of hearing
impairment. Although the genetics of this disease are controversial, the
majority of studies indicate autosomal dominant inheritance with reduced
penetrance. We studied a large multi- generational family in which
otosclerosis has been inherited in an autosomal dominant pattern. Five of16
affected persons have surgically confirmed otosclerosis; the remaining nine
have a conductive hearing loss but have not undergone corrective surgery.
To locate the disease- causing gene we completed genetic linkage analysis
using short tandem repeat polymorphisms (STRPs) distributed over the entire
genome. Multipoint linkage analysis showed that only one genomic region, on
chromosome 15q, generated a lod score >2.0. Additional STRPs were typed
in this area, resulting in a lod score of 3.4. STRPs FES (centromeric) and
D15S657 (telomeric) flank the 14. 5 cM region that contains an otosclerosis
gene.
相似文献
8.
IMPT1, an imprinted gene similar to polyspecific transporter and multi- drug resistance genes 总被引:5,自引:1,他引:5
Dao D; Frank D; Qian N; O'Keefe D; Vosatka RJ; Walsh CP; Tycko B 《Human molecular genetics》1998,7(4):597-608
Human chromosome 11p15.5 and distal mouse chromosome 7 include a
megabase-scale chromosomal domain with multiple genes subject to parental
imprinting. Here we describe mouse and human versions of a novel imprinted
gene, IMPT1 , which lies between IPL and p57 KIP2 and which encodes a
predicted multi-membrane-spanning protein similar to bacterial and
eukaryotic polyspecific metabolite transporter and multi- drug resistance
pumps. Mouse Impt1 and human IMPT1 mRNAs are highly expressed in tissues
with metabolite transport functions, including liver, kidney, intestine,
extra-embryonic membranes and placenta, and there is strongly preferential
expression of the maternal allele in various mouse tissues at fetal stages.
In post-natal tissues there is persistent expression, but the allelic bias
attenuates. An allelic expression bias is also observed in human fetal and
post-natal tissues, but there is significant interindividual variation and
rare somatic allele switching. The fact that Impt1 is relatively repressed
on the paternal allele, together with data from other imprinted genes,
allows a statistical conclusion that the primary effect of human chromosome
11p15.5/mouse distal chromosome 7 imprinting is domain-wide relative
repression of genes on the paternal homolog. Dosage regulation of the
metabolite transporter gene(s) by imprinting might regulate placental and
fetal growth.
相似文献
9.
Max J. Kurz Konstantinos Pothakos Sakeena Jamaluddin Melissa Scott-Pandorf Chris Arellano Yuen-Sum Lau 《Neuroscience letters》2007
The purpose of this investigation was to determine if a chronic Parkinson's disease mouse model will display less certainty in its gait pattern due to basal ganglia dysfunction. A chronic Parkinson's disease mouse model was induced by injecting male C57/BL mice with 10 doses of 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (25 mg/kg) (MPTP) and probenecid (250 mg/kg) (P) over 5 weeks. This chronic model produces a severe and persistent loss of nigrostriatal neurons resulting in dopamine depletion and locomotor impairment. The control mice were treated with probenecid alone. Fifteen weeks after the last MPTP/P treatment, the mice were videotaped in the sagittal plane with a digital camera (60 Hz) as they ran on a motorized treadmill at a speed of 10 m/min. The indices of gait and gait variability were calculated. Stride length was significantly (p = 0.016) more variable in the chronic MPTP/P mice. Additionally, the chronic MPTP/P mice had a statistically less certain gait pattern when compared to the control mice (p = 0.02). These results suggest that variability in the gait pattern can be used to evaluate changes in neural function. Additionally, our results imply that disorder of the basal ganglia results in less certainty in modulating the descending motor command that controls the gait pattern. 相似文献
10.
Role of nitric oxide in the biology, physiology and pathophysiology of reproduction 总被引:13,自引:0,他引:13
Following its benchmark discovery, nitric oxide (NO) is nowknown to play important functional roles in a variety of physiologicalsystems. Within the vasculature, NO induces vasodilation, inhibitsplatelet aggregation, prevents neutrophil/platelet adhesionto endothelial cells, inhibits smooth muscle cell proliferationand migration, regulates programmed cell death (apoptosis) andmaintains endothelial cell barrier function. NO generated byneurons acts as a neurotransmitter, whereas NO generated bymacrophages in response to invading microbes acts as an antimicrobialagent. Because neurons, blood vessels and cells of the immunesystem are integral parts of the reproductive organs, and inview of the important functional role that NO plays in thosesystems, it is likely that NO is an important regulator of thebiology and physiology of the reproductive system. Indeed, inthe past 10 years, NO has established itself as a polyvalentmolecule which plays a decisive role in regulating multiplefunctions within the female as well as the male reproductivesystem. This review provides an overview of the role of NO invarious reproductive organs under physiological and pathologicalconditions. 相似文献