后路枕骨髁螺钉技术研究进展

正枕骨、寰椎和枢椎共同构成了枕颈部活动的结构功能单位,即枕颈交界区~([1-2])。炎症、创伤、肿瘤及畸形等因素会导致枕颈交界区失稳,从而引起颈脊髓或神经根的损伤、麻痹及难以忍受的疼痛,甚至危及生命~([3-4])。后路内固定融合技术是治疗枕颈部失稳的重要手段,目前常用术式为枕骨螺钉技术,该技术较钢丝固定技术有更好的生物力学稳定     

经皮椎弓根技术治疗胸腰椎骨折的临床探讨

目的:探讨微创经皮椎弓根螺钉内固定手术治疗胸腰椎骨折的可行性及其疗效。方法:20例胸腰椎骨折病例,男13例,女7例;年龄28~65岁,平均48·2岁。其中16例损伤平面以下无神经功能损害、无双下肢和大小便障碍;4例有不同程度的脊髓损伤,按Frankel分级:C级1例,D级3例。在C形臂X线的定位下确定需要固定的椎弓根根部,做4个1·5cm长的切口,固定与复位均在4个小切口内完成。结果:所有病例均获随访,时间9~18个月,平均15个月。术后患者椎体高度均有不同程度恢复,椎体后凸畸形获得不同程度矫正。手术时间约1·5h,出血量约80ml。结论:微创经皮椎弓根螺钉内固定手术操作简便、安全可靠,具有创伤小、出血少、疼痛轻、恢复快、住院时间短等优点。     

自体游离骨膜移植实验研究

自体游离骨膜移植实验研究张德春，李亚明，许宏德，阮永平，胡守昌１９７８年Ｆｉｎｌｅｙ首先将带血管蒂的骨膜移植于动物，实验取得成功，该实验提出了用带血管蒂骨膜移植治愈骨不连接的可能性。此后，国内外亦有类似取得成功的报道。本实验是设计选用自体游离骨膜移植...     

Anatomic comparison of transarticular screws with lateral mass screws in cervical vertebrae

Objective:To compare the potential incidence of nerve root (ventral and dorsal ramus) injury caused by cervical transarticular screws and Roy-Camille lateral mass screws. Methods:Insertion techniques with Klekamp transarticular screws and Roy-Camille lateral mass screws were respectively performed in this study. Each technique involved four specimens and 40 screws, which were inserted from C3 to C7. And 20-mm-long screws were used to overpenetrate the ventral cortex. The anterolateral aspect of the cervical spine was carefully dissected to allow observation of the screw-ramus relationship. Results : The overall percentage of nerve invasion was significantly lower with Klekamp (45 %) technique than with Roy-Camille (85%) technique (P<0.05). The largest percentage of nerve invasion for Klekamp transarticular screws was found at the dorsal ramus (25%), followed by the ventral ramus (15%) and the bifurcation of the ventral dorsal ramus (5 %). The largest percentage of nerve invasion for Roy-Camille lateral mass screws was found at the ventral ramus (80 %). Conclusion : The potential risk of nerve root invasion is lower with Klekamp transarticular screws than with Roy-Camille lateral mass screws.     

下颈椎经关节螺钉联合侧块或椎弓根螺钉固定的效果

Objective To discuss the effect of transarticular screws combined with lateral mass screws or pedicle screws through posterior approach in the lower cervical spine. Methods From February 2003 to October 2007, 22 patients were treated using transarticular screws internal fixation combined with lateral mass screws or pedicle screws in Axis plating system and Vertex system. There were cervical fracture and dislocation in 13 patients, ossification of the posterior longitudinal ligament in 4, cervical canal stenosis associated with dentoid process fracture in 1, and cervical disc herniation associated with cervical stenosis in 4 patients. Lamina or facet bone grafting were used to achieve a long-term stability, with decompression and anterior approach or not. The starting point for screw insertion was located 1 mm medial to the midpoint of the lateral mass and the direction of the screw was 40° caudally in the sagittal plane and 20° laterally in the axial plane. Results All screws insertion was successful. A total of 45 transarticular screws were inserted, with 2 in C4,5, 39 in C5,6 and 4 in C6,7. A total of 12 lateral mass screws were inserted, with 6 in C3 and 6 in C4. A total of 41 pedicle screws were inserted, with 4 in C2, 2 in C3 and 6 in C4, 21 in C7 and 8 in T1. There was no complication related to screw insertion, such as injury to the vertebral artery, nerve roots or spine cord. The follow-up period ranged from 10 months to 3 years and 8 months (mean 17 months). All cases got bone fusion. Only one instance of screw partial backout was identified, but fusion was achieved in all pa-tients. In the follow-up period, only one instance of screw partial backout was identified, but fusion was achieved in all patients. Conclusion The combined use of transarticular screws and lateral mass screws or pedicle screws fixation in the lower cervical spine can enlarge the advantages of strong stability,relatively simple, and reduce operating risk when performed appropriately.     

经皮微创钢板固定治疗胫骨远端骨折(附80例报告)

目的探讨经皮微创钢板固定治疗胫骨远端骨折的临床疗效。方法对80例胫骨远端骨折患者,采用经皮微创钢板固定治疗并分析疗效。结果按照JohnerW ruhs评价法,功能优为46例,良为20例,中为4例,差为0例,优良率为86.8%。并发症包括皮缘表皮坏死2例,浅表感染2例,皮肤张力性水泡3例。结论经皮微创钢板固定法手术创伤小,骨折愈合率高,固定可靠,是治疗胫骨远端骨折的有效治疗手段。     

老年妇女髋周围骨折与骨质疏松相关因素探讨

骨质疏松症常见于老年人和绝经后妇女,随着社会的老龄化,骨质疏松症发病率越来越高,严重的骨质疏松可引起髋关节骨折。本文对45岁以上的髋部骨折50例进行调查分析,探讨与骨质疏松有关的因素,提醒人们注意对日常生活的调整。对象与方法本组病例来自于本院2001~2003年年龄在45岁以上的女性髋部骨折住院病人。全部因摔倒致髋部骨折,其中股骨颈骨折32例,粗隆间骨折18例。通过问卷的形式对患者的居住条件、饮食与生活习惯、健康状况等方面进行调查。结果1患者年龄本组45~50岁6例(占12%),51~60岁7例(14%),61~70岁23例(46%),71~80岁8例(16%),80岁以…     

曲马多超前镇痛在局麻下胸腰段骨质疏松骨折椎体后凸成形术中的效果

目的: 探讨术前肌注曲马多用于局麻下行经皮椎体后凸成形术(percutaneous kyphoplasty,PKP)的超前镇痛效果。方法: 自2019年8月至2021年6月收治118例骨质疏松性椎体压缩骨折(osteoporotic vertebral compression fractures,OVCFs)患者,观察组59例,男26例,女33例;年龄57~80(67.69±4.75)岁;T₁₁ 14例,T₁₂ 12例,L₁ 18例,L₂ 15例;予PKP术前0.5 h肌肉注射曲马多100 mg。对照组59例,男24例,女35例;年龄55~77(68.00±4.43)岁;T₁₁ 19例,T₁₂ 11例,L₁ 17例,L₂ 12例;予肌肉注射等量生理盐水。记录两组手术时间和术中出血量,采用视觉模拟评分(visual analogue scale,VAS)评估两组术前(T0)及术中穿刺时(T1)、放置工作套管时(T2)、球囊扩张时(T3)、骨水泥注入椎体时(T4)、术后2 h (T5)、出院时(T6)的疼痛程度;观察头晕、恶心、呕吐等不良反应,出院时询问患者对再次行PKP手术的接受度。结果: 118例患者顺利完成经双侧椎弓根入路PKP术,术中均未使用静脉镇静镇痛药物。两组手术时间、术中出血量比较,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。观察组T1、T2、T3、T4、T5时的VAS较对照组降低(P<0.05);T6时的VAS比较,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。两组T6时的VAS较T0降低(P<0.05)。两组不良反应发生率比较,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05),对再次行PKP术的接受度比较,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论: 术前0.5 h肌注曲马多用于在局麻下单节段胸腰段骨质疏松骨折椎体PKP术的超前镇痛效果明确,可增加患者术中及术后2 h的舒适度,提高患者手术满意度。     

快速成型导向模板技术在枢椎椎板交叉螺钉置钉中的应用

 目的 验证在快速成型导向模板辅助下枢椎椎板交叉螺钉置钉的安全性、准确性及偏差因素分析。方法 选取正常颈椎标本18具,行螺旋CT扫描。扫描数据经Mimics软件三维重建后行枢椎椎板交叉螺钉最佳钉道的计算机辅助设计,建立与枢椎椎板及棘突后表面解剖结构互补的基板,组合形成导向模板。在激光快速成型机上进行导向模板实体化,利用导向模板辅助置钉。扫描置钉后的标本,分割重建螺钉钉道路径。将置钉前后的标本配对拟合,测量理想钉道与实际螺钉的进钉点及进钉角度。结果 上、下位椎板螺钉理想钉道长度分别为(29.12±1.39)、(29.62±1.40) mm;内倾角分别为56.20°±2.07°、56.02°±1.72°。下位椎板螺钉实际钉道内倾角和尾倾角分别为56.28°±1.54°、0.13°±0.65°;上位椎板分别为55.48°±1.75°、-0.19°±1.54°。下位椎板螺钉进钉点在X、Y、Z轴上的偏移分别为(0.69±1.79)、(2.54±4.86)、(0.63±1.37) mm;上位椎板分别为(0.64±1.61)、(2.36±4.85)、(0.62±1.38) mm。理想钉道与实际螺钉进钉点、钉道方向的差异无统计学差异。结论 利用数字化快速成型导向模板技术辅助枢椎椎板交叉螺钉置钉提高了置钉的安全性和准确性,理论上可降低椎动脉和脊髓损伤的风险。     

3D生物打印技术在组织工程支架构建与再生中的应用进展

具备个性化、精准化的3D生物打印技术构建优良生物相容性的组织工程支架,替换或修复人体中病变的组织和/或器官,在组织工程研究中极具广泛的应用前景。而作为3D打印技术的基材,如金属、生物陶瓷、高分子材料和细胞生物材料等,也因此得到了研究者的重视和研发。由金属和生物陶瓷制备的支架具有高强度和耐腐蚀性,已在骨科中得到广泛应用,而高分子材料由于其和细胞/组织的良好生物相容性及可塑性使其在软骨、矫形外科、心血管系统等组织/器官中被广泛研究。相信在不久的将来,以上述材料为基材结合3D生物打印技术构建的组织和器官,在临床上会得到应用和推广。本文就用于3D打印的生物材料及其打印技术在组织工程支架构建及组织再生中的应用进行综述。