超声引导下肢神经阻滞联合喉罩下全麻用于全膝关节置换术的效果

目的 评价超声引导下肢神经阻滞联合喉罩下全麻用于全膝关节置换术的效果.方法 择期行全膝关节置换术的病人加例,性别不限,年龄52～80岁,体重67～94 kg,ASA分级Ⅰ～Ⅲ级,采用随机数字表法,将其随机分为2组(n=20).Ⅰ组在气管插管下行静吸复合全麻;Ⅱ组先在超声引导下行下肢神经阻滞,然后在喉罩下行静吸复合全麻.术中和麻醉恢复室(PACU)停留期间维持HR 50～100次/min,维持MAP波动幅度不超过基础值的20%.必要时给予血管活性药物(阿托品、艾司洛尔、麻黄碱、乌拉地尔或拉贝洛尔).术后采用曲马多和氯诺昔康行PCIA(背景输注速率2 ml/h,PCA量1 ml,锁定时间15 min),维持VAS评分≤2分.记录术中和PACU停留期间血管活性药物的使用情况;记录PACU停留时间;记录术后24 h内PCA药物用量和恶心呕吐的发生情况.结果 与Ⅰ组比较,Ⅱ组术中各血管活性药物的使用率降低,PACU停留期间艾司洛尔、乌拉地尔和拉贝洛尔的使用率降低,PACU停留时间缩短,PCA药物用量减少,术后恶心呕吐发生率降低(P<0.01).结论 超声引导下肢神经阻滞联合喉罩下全麻用于全膝关节置换术麻醉效果较好,并发症少,术后镇痛药物用量少,优于气管插管下全麻.

Abstract：

Objective To evaluate the efficacy of uhrasound-guided lower extremity nerve block combined with general anesthesia with laryngeal mask airway in patients undergoing total knee arthroplasty.Methods Forty ASA Ⅰ-Ⅲ patients of both sexes,aged 52-80 yr,weighing 67-94 kg,undergoing total knee arthroplasty under general anesthesia,were randomly divided into 2 groups(n=20 each).Group Ⅰ received combined intravenous-inhalational anesthesia with endotracheal tube.Group Ⅱ received lower extremity nerve block guided by ultrasound and then combined intravenous-inhalational anesthesia with laryngeal mask airway.HR was maintained at 50-100bpm,MAP was maintained at the preoperative baseline level(increase or decrease amplitude<20%of the baseline level)during operation and in pestanesthesia care unit(PACU)and vasoaetive drugs(atropine,esmolol,efedrina,urapidil or labetalol)were given when necessary.The patients received patient-controlled intravenous analgesia with tramedol and lornoxicam(background infusion 2 ml/h,bolus dose 1 ml,lockout interval 15 min)after operation and VAS score was maintained at≤2.The requirement for vasoactive drugs during operation and in PACU,PACU stay length,and consumption of analgesics and occurrence of nausea and vomiting within 24 h after operation were recorded.Results Compared with group Ⅰ,the requirement for all vasoaetive drugs during operation and for esmolol,urapidil and labetalol in PACU was significantly reduced,PACU stay length Was significantly shortened,and the consumption of analgesics and incidence of nausea and vomiting were significantly reduced in group Ⅱ(P<0.01).Conclusion Ultrasound-guided lower extremity nerve block combined with general anesthesia with laryngeal mask airway provides better emcacy with fewer complications and less consumption of postoperative analgesics than general anesthesia with endotracheal tube in patients undergoing total knee arthroplasty.     

超声引导下肢神经阻滞联合喉罩下全麻用于全膝关节置换术的效果

Objective To evaluate the efficacy of uhrasound-guided lower extremity nerve block combined with general anesthesia with laryngeal mask airway in patients undergoing total knee arthroplasty.Methods Forty ASA Ⅰ-Ⅲ patients of both sexes,aged 52-80 yr,weighing 67-94 kg,undergoing total knee arthroplasty under general anesthesia,were randomly divided into 2 groups(n=20 each).Group Ⅰ received combined intravenous-inhalational anesthesia with endotracheal tube.Group Ⅱ received lower extremity nerve block guided by ultrasound and then combined intravenous-inhalational anesthesia with laryngeal mask airway.HR was maintained at 50-100bpm,MAP was maintained at the preoperative baseline level(increase or decrease amplitude<20%of the baseline level)during operation and in pestanesthesia care unit(PACU)and vasoaetive drugs(atropine,esmolol,efedrina,urapidil or labetalol)were given when necessary.The patients received patient-controlled intravenous analgesia with tramedol and lornoxicam(background infusion 2 ml/h,bolus dose 1 ml,lockout interval 15 min)after operation and VAS score was maintained at≤2.The requirement for vasoactive drugs during operation and in PACU,PACU stay length,and consumption of analgesics and occurrence of nausea and vomiting within 24 h after operation were recorded.Results Compared with group Ⅰ,the requirement for all vasoaetive drugs during operation and for esmolol,urapidil and labetalol in PACU was significantly reduced,PACU stay length Was significantly shortened,and the consumption of analgesics and incidence of nausea and vomiting were significantly reduced in group Ⅱ(P<0.01).Conclusion Ultrasound-guided lower extremity nerve block combined with general anesthesia with laryngeal mask airway provides better emcacy with fewer complications and less consumption of postoperative analgesics than general anesthesia with endotracheal tube in patients undergoing total knee arthroplasty.     

吗啡硬膜外镇痛剂量与患者术后尿潴留的关系

目的 评价吗啡硬膜外镇痛剂量与患者术后尿潴留的关系.方法 择期行膝关节镜手术的患者60例,年龄20～56岁,体重49～76 kg,性别不限,ASA Ⅰ级,随机分为3组(n=20),对照组(C组)硬膜外腔注射生理盐水5 ml;M1,2组硬膜外腔分别注射吗啡1和3 mg.采用Micro Maxx便携式超声仪测量患者膀胱尿量,记录术后产生排尿冲动时的膀胱尿量和首次排尿时间;于麻醉前和术后记录视觉模拟评分(VAS评分);记录术后尿潴留(膀胱尿量≥600 ml且30min内不能自行排尿)、恶心呕吐及瘙痒的发生情况.结果 与C组比较,M2组尿潴留发生率升高,VAS评分降低,M1,2组首次排尿时间延长,产生排尿冲动时的膀胱尿量增多,瘙痒发生率升高(P<0.05或0.01);与M1组比较,M2组尿潴留发生率升高、首次排尿时间延长,产生排尿冲动时的膀胱尿量增多,术后瘙痒发生率升高(P<0.05),VAS评分和镇痛有效率差异无统计学意义(P>0.05).结论 吗啡硬膜外剂量与患者术后尿潴留的发生有关,呈剂量依赖性,1 mg为推荐剂量.     

帝视观察用内镜在预计困难气管插管中的应用评价

目的 评价帝视观察用内镜(Discopo,简称帝视镜)在预计困难气管插管中的使用效果.方法 选择62例美国麻醉医师学会分级Ⅰ或Ⅱ级预计困难气管插管的患者,分别采用帝视镜辅助下气管插管(帝视镜组,20例)、Glidescope视频喉镜(简称视频喉镜)辅助下气管插管(视频喉镜组,22例)和纤维支气管镜(简称纤支镜)辅助下气管插管(纤支镜组,20例).记录3组患者麻醉诱导前、气管插管前即刻、显露声门时及气管插管后即刻的血压和心率,同时记录插管时间、一次气管插管成功率和气管插管后并发症(出血、声嘶、咽痛)发生情况.结果 视频喉镜组有2例患者因气管插管失败退出研究.与同组麻醉诱导前比较,3组在气管插管前即刻及显露声门时的收缩压、舒张压和心率均显著降低(P值均＜0.05),帝视镜组在气管插管后即刻的收缩压和舒张压均显著降低(P值均＜0.05),3组在气管插管后即刻的心率均显著升高(P值均＜0.05).与同组气管插管前即刻比较,视频喉镜组在显露声门时的收缩压、舒张压和心率均显著升高(P值均＜0.05),3组在气管插管后即刻的收缩压、舒张压和心率均显著升高(P值均＜0.05).帝视镜组在气管插管后即刻的收缩压和舒张压均显著低于视频喉镜组和纤支镜组(P值均＜0.05),在气管插管后即刻的心率显著低于纤支镜组(P＜0.05).帝视镜组的插管时间为(34.3±11.9)s,显著短于视频喉镜组的(47.2±8.4)s和纤支镜组的(49.6±13.3)s(P值均＜0.05).纤支镜组的一次气管插管成功率达100％,显著高于帝视镜组的80％和视频喉镜组的75％(P值均＜0.05).3组间气管插管并发症发生率的差异无统计学意义(P值均＞0.05).结论 帝视镜能安全有效地用于困难气管插管,并能显著减轻气管插管应激反应.     

超声引导下肢神经阻滞联合喉罩下全麻用于全膝关节置换术的效果

Objective To evaluate the efficacy of uhrasound-guided lower extremity nerve block combined with general anesthesia with laryngeal mask airway in patients undergoing total knee arthroplasty.Methods Forty ASA Ⅰ-Ⅲ patients of both sexes,aged 52-80 yr,weighing 67-94 kg,undergoing total knee arthroplasty under general anesthesia,were randomly divided into 2 groups(n=20 each).Group Ⅰ received combined intravenous-inhalational anesthesia with endotracheal tube.Group Ⅱ received lower extremity nerve block guided by ultrasound and then combined intravenous-inhalational anesthesia with laryngeal mask airway.HR was maintained at 50-100bpm,MAP was maintained at the preoperative baseline level(increase or decrease amplitude<20%of the baseline level)during operation and in pestanesthesia care unit(PACU)and vasoaetive drugs(atropine,esmolol,efedrina,urapidil or labetalol)were given when necessary.The patients received patient-controlled intravenous analgesia with tramedol and lornoxicam(background infusion 2 ml/h,bolus dose 1 ml,lockout interval 15 min)after operation and VAS score was maintained at≤2.The requirement for vasoactive drugs during operation and in PACU,PACU stay length,and consumption of analgesics and occurrence of nausea and vomiting within 24 h after operation were recorded.Results Compared with group Ⅰ,the requirement for all vasoaetive drugs during operation and for esmolol,urapidil and labetalol in PACU was significantly reduced,PACU stay length Was significantly shortened,and the consumption of analgesics and incidence of nausea and vomiting were significantly reduced in group Ⅱ(P<0.01).Conclusion Ultrasound-guided lower extremity nerve block combined with general anesthesia with laryngeal mask airway provides better emcacy with fewer complications and less consumption of postoperative analgesics than general anesthesia with endotracheal tube in patients undergoing total knee arthroplasty.     

肥胖患者围术期通气策略的研究进展

肥胖患者在手术人群中所占的比例逐年上升.肥胖不仅影响了患者的生理功能,也给麻醉和手术带来不少难题.现就此讨论肥胖患者围手术期的呼吸管理,包括术前的呼吸治疗、术中的机械通气策略及术后的呼吸支持等问题.对肥胖患者围术期呼吸生理改变的了解,详尽的、个体化的通气设置和术中术后完善的通气管理有助于减少肥胖患者呼吸系统并发症的发生.     

阿片类药物致术后尿潴留的机制与防治进展

一些研究将使用阿片类药物镇痛列为引起术后尿潴留的独立危险因素。据文献报道,鞘内和硬膜外使用阿片类药物致尿潴留的发生率为42%～80%。本文对阿片类药物引起尿潴留的机制及相关防治进展作一综述。