小儿麻醉诱导中无通气间期SpO2安全阈值的研究

１５２例ＡＳＡ１级行择期整形手术的小儿，根据年龄分成三组，Ｉ组为３个月～１岁的婴儿（ｎ＝３９），Ⅱ级为１～３岁的幼儿（ｎ＝４１），Ⅲ组３～１２岁的小儿（ｎ＝７２）。每组小儿再随机分成Ａ亚组和Ｂ亚组，监则ＳｐＯ２血压，心率和ＰＥＴＣＯ２。预氧时间为２ｍｉｎ。在麻醉诱导后的无通气期，Ａ亚组和Ｂ亚组分别在ＳｐＯ２降至９０％和９５％时给氧，结果证实，小儿ＳｐＯ２降至９５％和９０％所需的无通气时间在三组间均     

异丙酚在神经外科麻醉中的应用

介绍异丙酚对脑血流、颅内压和脑氧代谢率的影响,异丙酚的脑保护作用及其在神经外科麻醉中的应用。     

潘库溴铵在婴幼儿、儿童和成年人的药代动力学

研究观察年龄对潘库溴铵药代动力学的影响，选择24例施择期整形外科手术的患者，根据年龄分成三组：1组为5例婴幼儿，年龄0．75－2．95岁；2组为13例儿童，年龄4－14岁；3组为6例病人，年龄16－27岁，静注潘库溴铵100ug/kg后用改良蒌光法测定其血浓度，潘库溴铵的体内过程能用二室开放模型完整描述，年龄愈小，分布容积愈大，血浆清除率愈高，潘库溴铵的血药浓度愈低，V1（中央室分布容积），V2（周边室分布容积），Vdss(稳态分布容积），C1（血浆清除率）和AUC（曲线下面积）在三相间有明显差别，1组的T1／2β和MRT明显比2，3组长，但T1／2α和K21在三组间无明显差别。     

去甲本可松药理研究和临床应用进展

去甲本可松(vecuonium,Norcuron,Org NC45下称VCR)是潘可罗宁(下称PC)的单季铵甾族同系物,有关VCR的药理作用和临床研究,国内已有报道。1979年11月在卢塞对该药进行专题讨论以来,对此药又有了深入的药理研究和广泛的临床应用,现将有关进展综述如下。药理研究     

光导纤维支气管镜经口和经鼻气管插管患儿心血管反应的比较

目的比较小儿光导纤维支气管镜(FOB)经口和经鼻气管插管的心血管反应。方法选择美国麻醉医师协会(ASA)身体状态分级为Ⅰ级、在全身麻醉下施择期整形外科手术的患儿65例,随机分为经口组(n=36)和经鼻组(n=29)。在常规静脉麻醉诱导后实施FOB气管插管。测定麻醉诱导前(基础值)、后,气管插管时和气管插管后5 min内(测定间隔为1 min)血压(BP)和心率(HR),记录气管插管时间。结果经鼻组气管插管时间显著长于经口组(P<0.05)。FOB气管插管导致两组BP和HR均比麻醉诱导前基础值显著升高(P均<0.05)。与经口组相比,气管插管致BP增高和HR增快反应在经鼻组较轻,持续时间较短。经口组气管插管时BP和HR及观察过程中BP和HR最大值均显著高于经鼻组(P均<0.05)。结论FOB经口和经鼻气管插管均可引起小儿BP和HR显著升高,但FOB经鼻气管插管时心血管反应较FOB经口气管插管时轻。     

联合应用缺血后处理、远隔缺血后处理和纳洛酮后处理对大鼠脑缺血-再灌注损伤的影响

Objective To assess the effects of ischemic postconditioning, remote ischemic postconditioning and naloxone postconditioning on focal cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury in rats.Methods A total of 110 adult SD rats were randomly divided into 5 groups (n =22 each). The focal cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury was induced by a 90-minute occlusion of right middle cerebral artery (MCA) and a 24-hour reperfusion sequentially. Group 1 was of ischemia-reperfusion control; Group 2 ischemic postconditioning induced by three 30-second cycles of MCA occlusion followed by a 30-second reperfusion; Group 3 remote ischemic postconditioning performed via a transient occlusion of right femoralartery at 5 min before the initiatlon of reperfusion:Group 4 naloxone posteonditioning with naloxone 10 mg/kg intraperitoneaUy injected at the initiation of reperfusion;Group 5 combined ischemic,remote ischernic & naloxone postconditioning performed simultaneously in accordance with the methods used in Groups 2,3 & 4.The neumlogie deftcit scores(NDS)were obtained at 2 h & 24 h post-reperfusion.At 24 h post-reperfusion.the anesthetized rat was sacrificed by decapitation and the brain rapidly extracted to asseSS the size ofcerebral infaret(n=10),detect the cerebral expression of microtubule-associated protein2(MAP2)(n=6),measure the plasma volume of cerebral tissues and quantify the diameter and segment artery at 5 min before the initiation of reperfusion; Group 4 naloxone postconditioning with naloxone 10 mg/kg intraperitoneally injected at the initiation of reperfusion; Group 5 combined ischemic, remote ischemic & naloxone postconditioning performed simultaneously in accordance with the methods used in Groups 2, 3 & 4. The neurologic deficit scores ( NDS) were obtained at 2 h & 24 h post-reperfusion. At 24 h post-reperfusion, the anesthetized rat was sacrificed by decapitation and the brain rapidly extracted to assess the size of cerebral infarct (n = 10), detect the cerebral expression of microtubule-associated protein2 ( MAP2) (n =6) , measure the plasma volume of cerebral tissues and quantify the diameter and segment length of cerebral microvessel (n = 6 ). Results There were no significant differences in the heart rate (HR) and mean arterial pressure (MAP) among the above five groups at all observed time points (P ＞ 0. 05). At 24 h post-reperfusion, the percentage of ischemic cerebral infarct size was 43% ±6% , 31% ±4% , 32% ±5% , 28% ±6% & 21% ±7% in ipsilateral hemisphere area (i. e. , cerebral infarct severity)in Groups 1-5 respectively. Compared with Group 1, the levels of NDS and cerebral infarct severity significantly decreased at ischemic side in Groups 2-5 ( P ＜ 0. 05 ). And the cerebral expression of MAP2,plasma volume of cerebral tissues, diameter and segment length of cerebral microvessel significantly increased at the ischemic side (all P＜0. 05). However, there were no significant differences in the abovementioned parameters at ischemic side among Groups 2, 3 and 4 (all P ＞0. 05). The parameters of NDS,cerebral infarct severity, cerebral expression of MAP2 and plasma volume of cerebral tissues in the ischemic side significantly increased in Group 5 compared with Groups 1,2,3 and 4 (all P ＜ 0. 05). The diameter and segment length of cerebral microvessel at ischemic side were not different among Groups 2,3,4 and 5 (all P＞0. 05). Conclusion In focal cerebral ischemia-reperfusion rats, ischemic, remote ischemic and naloxone postconditioning may produce significant neuroprotective effects of reduced cerebral infarct severity and improved neurologic dysfunctions. A combination of three postconditioning approaches enhances the above neuroprotective effects.     

麻醉和手术期间的心跳骤停与复苏

本文报告了13例在麻醉和手术期间发生循环骤停的患者,其中8例由于及时发现全部复苏成功,其余虽复苏一段时间,但终因中抠神经不可逆性损伤而死亡。说明手术中麻醉医师及早发现甚为重要,术中一旦血压和脉博不能测出或手术野出血发暗及停止,应立即进行复苏。     

影响心肌缺血/再灌注损伤及其干预措施保护效应的因素

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不能气管插管不能氧合状态的紧急处理策略

背景 不能气管插管不能氧合状态(“cannot intubate,cannot oxygenate”situation,CICO)是指气管插管失败的同时采用无创方法不能维持患者满意的氧合,是麻醉和急诊治疗中的紧急情况之一.在CICO状态时,为了避免缺氧性脑损害甚至死亡的发生,应立即实施紧急经皮气道. 目的 介绍与CICO状态有关的一些知识. 内容 重点阐述CICO的发生率和原因、具有CICO状态危险患者的麻醉管理、常用的紧急经皮气道技术、紧急经皮气道技术的并发症、再氧合后患者的处理和紧急经皮气道技术的培训. 趋向 明确高危因素和制定合理的麻醉处理方案是降低CICO发生率和严重性的合理路径.为了挽救CICO患者的生命,除了所需的合适设备之外,更重要的是要具有经过良好培训的专业人员,其能够在患者发生不可逆性脑损伤或死亡前作出实施紧急经皮气道技术的决定,并且能够迅速成功地实施紧急经皮气道技术.