Immunologic aspects of endometriosis]

In development of endometriosis immunological phenomenons are discussed. In women with endometriosis specific antibodies are demonstrated and it is worth to speculate that there takes place de novo-expression of specific antigens. It is also possible, that changes in humoral immunity in endometriosis are secondary to deficient cellular mechanisms.     

Thermal contribution of compact bone to intervening tissue-like media exposed to planar ultrasound

The presence of bone in the ultrasound beam path raises concerns, both in diagnostic and therapeutic applications, because significant temperature elevations may be induced at nearby soft tissue-bone interfaces due the facts that ultrasound is (i) highly absorbed in bone and (ii) reflected at soft tissue-bone interfaces in various degrees depending on angle of incidence. Consequently, in ultrasonic thermal therapy, the presence of bone in the ultrasound beam path is considered a major disadvantage and it is usually avoided. However, based on clinical experience and previous theoretical studies, we hypothesized that the presence of bone in superficial unfocused ultrasound hyperthermia can actually be exploited to induce more uniform and enhanced (with respect to the no-bone situation) temperature distributions in superficial target volumes. In particular, we hypothesize that the presence of underlying bone in superficial target volume enhances temperature elevation not only by additional direct power deposition from acoustic reflection, but also from thermal diffusion from the underlying bone. Here we report laboratory results that corroborate previous computational studies and strengthen the above-stated hypothesis. Three different temperature measurement techniques, namely, thermometric (using fibre-optic temperature probes), thermographic (using an infrared camera) and magnetic resonance imaging (using proton resonance frequency shifts), were used in high-power short-exposure, and in low-power extended-exposure, experiments using a 19 mm diameter planar transducer operating at 1.0 and 3.3 MHz (frequencies of clinical relevance). The measurements were performed on three technique-specific phantoms (with and without bone inclusions) and experimental set-ups that resembled possible superficial ultrasound hyperthermia clinical situations. Results from all three techniques were in general agreement and clearly showed that significantly higher heating rates (greater than fourfold) were induced in soft tissue-like phantom materials adjacent (within approximately 5 mm) to a bovine bone as compared to similar experiments without bone inclusions. For low-power long-exposure experiments, where thermal conduction effects are significant, the thermal impact of bone reached at distances > 10 mm from the bone surface (upstream of the bone). Therefore, we hypothesize that underlying bone exposed to planar ultrasound hyperthermia creates a high-temperature thermal boundary at depth that compensates for beam attenuation, thus producing more uniform temperature distribution in the intervening tissue layers. With appropriate technology, this finding may lead to improved thermal doses in superficial treatment sites such as the chest wall and the head/neck.     

Peanut-induced anaphylaxis in children and adolescents: Data from the European Anaphylaxis Registry

Background

Peanut allergy has a rising prevalence in high-income countries, affecting 0.5%–1.4% of children. This study aimed to better understand peanut anaphylaxis in comparison to anaphylaxis to other food triggers in European children and adolescents.

Methods

Data was sourced from the European Anaphylaxis Registry via an online questionnaire, after in-depth review of food-induced anaphylaxis cases in a tertiary paediatric allergy centre.

Results

3514 cases of food anaphylaxis were reported between July 2007 - March 2018, 56% in patients younger than 18 years. Peanut anaphylaxis was recorded in 459 children and adolescents (85% of all peanut anaphylaxis cases). Previous reactions (42% vs. 38%; p = .001), asthma comorbidity (47% vs. 35%; p < .001), relevant cofactors (29% vs. 22%; p = .004) and biphasic reactions (10% vs. 4%; p = .001) were more commonly reported in peanut anaphylaxis. Most cases were labelled as severe anaphylaxis (Ring&Messmer grade III 65% vs. 56% and grade IV 1.1% vs. 0.9%; p = .001). Self-administration of intramuscular adrenaline was low (17% vs. 15%), professional adrenaline administration was higher in non-peanut food anaphylaxis (34% vs. 26%; p = .003). Hospitalization was higher for peanut anaphylaxis (67% vs. 54%; p = .004).

Conclusions

The European Anaphylaxis Registry data confirmed peanut as one of the major causes of severe, potentially life-threatening allergic reactions in European children, with some characteristic features e.g., presence of asthma comorbidity and increased rate of biphasic reactions. Usage of intramuscular adrenaline as first-line treatment is low and needs to be improved. The Registry, designed as the largest database on anaphylaxis, allows continuous assessment of this condition.

     

Internalization of extraintestinal Escherichia coli O18 strains by epithelial cells is modulated by EGF, insulin, and effectors of transmembrane signal transduction

Adhesion to and internalization into host cells is an essential step in the pathogenesis of various bacterial infections. Here we investigated the effects of growth factors on the internalization of Escherichia coli O18 strains isolated from patients with urinary tract infection (UTI) by human epithelial cells. A dramatic increase in the uptake of Escherichia coli was observed after treatment of epithelial cells with epidermal growth factor (EGF) and to a lower extent with insulin. EGF-dependent internalization can be suppressed by tyrosine kinase inhibitors suggesting an involvement of the receptor tyrosine kinases in the regulation of the endocytotic process. Inhibitors of phospholipase A2, lipoxygenase, and cyclooxygenase significantly decreased internalization of bacteria induced by EGF. Finally, the specific inhibitor of PI 3-kinases Wortmannin was shown to suppress completely the EGF-independent internalization. The data of this analysis indicate the involvement of several signaling paths in bacterial internalization of uropathogenic Escherichia coli O18 strains and contribute to the comprehension of the pathogenesis of recurrent UTI.     

Enzyme immunoassay for detection of antibodies against isolated flagella ofLegionella pneumophila

Flagella ofLegionella pneumophila serogroup 1, strain Philadelphia (ATCC 33152), were isolated and used as antigen to detect antibodies by enzyme immunoassay (EIA) in sera of patients with significant titers againstLegionella as determined by the indirect immunofluorescence assay (IFA). Healthy blood donors served as a control group. Whereas the sera of blood donors were negative in both assays, sera of patients showed two patterns of reactivity. Sera with elevated titers againstLegionella pneumophilasero-group 1 orLegionella gormanii in IFA usually demonstrated high titers in EIA. However, high IFA titers againstLegionella bozemanii were associated with low titers in EIA. The data show that flagella protein ofLegionella pneumophila serogroup 1 strain Philadelphia is of limited value for the detection of antibodies againstLegionella other thanLegionella pneumophila serogroup 1, although in vitro studies revealed genus-specific epitopes. This might be due to unpredictable variabilities in the expression of flagella in vivo.     

Female sex hormones decrease constitutive endothelin-1 release via endothelial sigma-1/cocaine receptors: an action independent of the steroid hormone receptors.

Cardiovascular disease is rare in premenopausal women compared to men. The authors investigate sex hormone-induced endothelin-1 (ET-1) release and the involvement of classic sex hormone receptors as well as the ability of sigma-1/cocaine receptors to respond to sex hormones. ET-1 release was measured in the supernatant of endothelial cells after treatment with beta-estradiol, progesterone, testosterone, or combined with their antagonists, and with the sigma-1 receptor ligand ditolylguanidine (DTG), or haloperidol, a sigma-1 receptor antagonist. Binding assays were performed using 2.5 x 10(-8) M [3H]DTG. Female sex hormones decreased ET-1 release whereas testosterone increased it, sex hormone antagonists only slightly attenuated or had no effect on the respective hormone's effect. DTG totally blocked the female sex hormone-induced inhibition on ET-1 release, whereas testosterone-induced stimulation was not affected. However, haloperidol blocked both. [3H]DTG binding was displaced by beta -estradiol but not by testosterone. DTG-binding sites account for 513 +/- 114 per cell, KD 8.79 nM. These data suggest that besides classic steroid hormone receptors, sigma-1/cocaine receptors mediate the effects of female sex hormones on ET-1 release, an up to now unknown signalling pathway. Results also suggest that female and male sex hormones may bind to different sites on sigma-1 receptors, exerting opposite pharmacological effects.