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1.
Paul Wan Sia Heng Tin Wui Wong Wai See Cheong 《European journal of pharmaceutical sciences》2003,19(5):381-393
The melt agglomeration process of lactose powder with hydrogenated cottonseed oil (HCO) as the hydrophobic meltable binder was investigated by studying the physicochemical properties of molten HCO modified by sucrose stearates S170, S770 and S1570. The size, size distribution, micromeritic and adhesion properties of agglomerates as well as surface tension, contact angle, viscosity and specific volume of molten HCO, with and without sucrose stearates, were examined. The viscosity, specific volume and surface tension of molten HCO were found to be modified to varying extents by sucrose stearates which are available in different HLB values and melt properties. The growth of melt agglomerates was promoted predominantly by an increase in viscosity, an increase in specific volume or a decrease in surface tension of the molten binding liquid. The agglomerate growth propensity was higher with an increase in inter-particulate binding strength, agglomerate surface wetness and extent of agglomerate consolidation which enhanced the liquid migration from agglomerate core to periphery leading to an increased surface plasticity for coalescence. The inclusion of high concentrations of completely meltable sucrose stearate S170 greatly induced the growth of agglomerates through increased specific volume and viscosity of the molten binding liquid. On the other hand, the inclusion of incompletely meltable sucrose stearates S770 and S1570 promoted the agglomeration mainly via the reduction in surface tension of the molten binding liquid with declining agglomerate growth propensity at high sucrose stearate concentrations. In addition to being an agglomeration modifier, sucrose stearate demonstrated anti-adherent property in melt agglomeration process. The properties of molten HCO and melt agglomerates were dependent on the type and concentration of sucrose stearate added. 相似文献
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X-ray fluorescence analysis has been used for measurement of lead in paint for more than a decade. The early systems provided a nondestructive alternative technology to laboratory-based technologies, but were somewhat time consuming and often led to inconclusive results. The procedure required manual substrate correction, multiple measurements, operator's discretion in validating a measurement due to interfering elements and laboratory analysis of inconclusive samples. A new instrument, the RMD LPA-1 system, has been developed based on X-ray fluorescence technology that addresses all of the drawbacks to the older systems. This new system uses a carefully designed and controlled geometry and modern microprocessor technology to automatically provide a rapid quantitative measurement of lead in paint with a 95% confidence level. The improved precision and accuracy achieved with this system are due to geometric enhancements and a mathematical approach which incorporates corrections for both random and systematic errors such as matrix effects and Compton scatter. This technology has been incorporated in a hand-held X-ray fluorescence lead paint analyzer system. A key design philosophy for this system was to maintain a very narrow, task-specific focus, the system was not designed to be an all purpose XRF analyzer, rather it is optimized to meet regulatory requirements of lead paint testing in the most efficient manner. The development of the LPA-1 system is an example of what can be accomplished by listening to the needs and desires of the users, rethinking the design of an existing technique and incorporating modern microprocessor technology. 相似文献
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Summary An inexpensive instrument has been described that may be used to eliminate noise in low-level nerve recordings. This electronic
manipulation of such signals increases the reliability of digitising or illustrating neural events while eliminating ambiguous
noise levels. 相似文献
5.
Studies in the enhancement of tumour immunity by coupling strong antigens to tumour cells (''heterogenization of tumours''). Helper T cell clones against PPD help other T cells mount anti-tumour responses to PPD-coupled tumour cells 总被引:4,自引:0,他引:4
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PPD-reactive T cell clones have been used to analyse the nature of T lymphocytes that are involved in the 'heterogenization' of tumour cells. This is a phenomenon where coupling tumour cells to a strong antigen (in this case PPD) causes an enhanced immune response to tumour-specific antigens to be elicited providing that the host shows T cell immunity to the strong antigen (in this case is BCG positive). Clones of T cells with the Lyt1+2- phenotype which were unable to mediate delayed-type hypersensitivity but which provided efficient help to hapten-primed B cells were found to potentiate anti-tumour immunity in BCG-negative syngeneic mice when immunized with Con-A-PPD coupled, X-irradiated MC6A tumour cells. There therefore appears to be a mechanism whereby a helper T cell response to one antigen can provide help for the generation of a T cell response to a linked antigen which is analogous to the well-known phenomenon of help to hapten primed B cells. Furthermore the clones of T cells that help B cells the best are those that give maximal augmentation of T cell immunity. 相似文献
6.
New strategies for prevention and therapy of cytomegalovirus infection and disease in solid-organ transplant recipients 总被引:23,自引:0,他引:23
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In the past three decades since the inception of human organ transplantation, cytomegalovirus (CMV) has gained increasing clinical import because it is a common pathogen in the immunocompromised transplant recipient. Patients may suffer from severe manifestations of this infection along with the threat of potential fatality. Additionally, the dynamic evolution of immunosuppressive and antiviral agents has brought forth changes in the natural history of CMV infection and disease. Transplant physicians now face the daunting task of recognizing and managing the changing spectrum of CMV infection and its consequences in the organ recipient. For the microbiology laboratory, the emphasis has been geared toward the development of more sophisticated detection assays, including methods to detect emerging antiviral resistance. The discovery of novel antiviral chemotherapy is an important theme of clinical research. Investigations have also focused on preventative measures for CMV disease in the solid-organ transplant population. In all, while much has been achieved in the overall management of CMV infection, the current understanding of CMV pathogenesis and therapy still leaves much to be learned before success can be claimed. 相似文献
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Multiple-injection axillary brachial plexus block: A comparison of two methods of nerve localization-nerve stimulation versus paresthesia 总被引:6,自引:0,他引:6
We conducted this prospective study to compare the onset time and the success rate of a multiple-injection axillary brachial plexus block performed by using two methods of nerve localization: paresthesia elicitation or nerve stimulation. Each of the major nerves of the plexus was located by elicitation of a paresthesia (Group PAR; n = 50) or by nerve stimulation (Group PNS; n = 50) and injected with 10 mL of local anesthetic solution. Time to perform the block, onset time of the primary block, time to achieve readiness for surgery, and total anesthetic time were significantly shorter in Group PNS than in Group PAR. The incidence of complete block was larger in Group PNS than in Group PAR (91% vs 76%; P: < 0. 05), and this was related to a larger success rate for anesthetizing the radial and the musculocutaneous nerves (P: < 0.05). The frequency of venous puncture was larger in Group PAR (P: < 0.05). For multiple-injection axillary brachial plexus block, we conclude that nerve stimulation resulted in a greater success rate and a faster onset than paresthesia elicitation, and it should be considered when the radial and musculocutaneous nerve distributions are involved in the surgical area. IMPLICATIONS: Two methods of nerve localization were compared when performing an axillary brachial plexus block by the multiple-injection technique. Nerve stimulation provided a faster onset and a greater incidence of complete block, related to a better success rate for anesthetizing the radial and the musculocutaneous nerves, than paresthesia elicitation. 相似文献