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BACKGROUND: While the bicycle frame and other parts of the bicycle have undergone many improvements, the bicycle saddle has remained relatively unchanged since it was first designed more than 100 years ago. Given the number and range of cycling injuries believed to result from the saddle, this is surprising. This study investigated the effects of a novel bicycle saddle on saddle-related comfort and symptoms during cycling. METHOD: Eleven competitive or recreational cyclists, 6 females and 5 males, performed three 2-hour stationary cycle rides in the laboratory, using their personal bicycles. Ride 1 was performed using the standard bicycle saddle and rides 2 and 3 using the novel bicycle saddle. Subjects reported saddle comfort rating scores (SC) while using the different saddles. Subjects also completed a questionnaire evaluating saddle symptoms (SS) when using either the conventional or the novel bicycle saddle during daily cycling. RESULTS: The most common saddle-related medical complaint with chronic use of the conventional saddle was painful pubic bones, with or without chaffing. Others were severe chaffing, saddle sores, chaffing and back pain, and painful pubic bones associated with a loss of feeling in the pelvic area. The mean SS rating score during the 2-hour laboratory ride was significantly less for the novel saddle (11.6 +/- 1.2 versus 19.1 +/- 3.2 arbitrary units, P < 0.01). Similarly the mean SC score was significantly lower for the novel saddle (36.2 +/- 10.5 v. 54.7 +/- 11.2 arbitrary units). Values for both SC scores were similar for rides 2 and 3. On completion of the trial all subjects indicated that they would continue to use the novel saddle in preference to the conventional saddle. Three months later 9 subjects (82%) reported continued use of this saddle in preference to the conventional saddle. CONCLUSION: These results show conclusively that this novel bicycle saddle: (i) significantly reduced reported symptoms during daily cycling compared with the conventionally designed cycling saddle; (ii) significantly improved saddle comfort during 2-hour cycles in the laboratory, such that (iii) when given the option the majority (82%) of the subjects chose to use this saddle 3 months later. Furthermore, the beneficial effects of the novel saddle were apparent during its first use, suggesting that the novel saddle is effective because the design is anatomically correct. 相似文献
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Daniel le Grange Jason Tibbs Timothy D. Noakes 《The International journal of eating disorders》1994,15(4):369-376
Competitive pressures to achieve a slim body shape may be of importance in the etiology of eating disorders in ballet dancers. This study examines the presence of anorexia nervosa-like symptoms in a group of 49 female ballet students (mean age = 18.9 years, SD ± 1.9). All students were assessed for certain physical (weight and height) and psychological (Eating Attitude Test [EAT]) indices at the start of their academic training year. Thereafter, all subjects who presented with anorexia nervosa-like symptoms (EAT ≥ 30, and/or with current secondary amenorrhea or primary amenorrhea if aged 16 years or over) at the initial assessment, were invited for a semistructured interview (Morgan-Russel scales) to determine their diagnostic status. Another aim of the study was to assess the prognostic implications of a diagnosis of anorexia nervosa in this sample. All subjects previously interviewed were invited for a follow-up assessment at 10 months. Anorexia nervosa could be diagnosed in 2 students (4.1%), whilst another 4 students (8.2%) presented with “partial syndrome” anorexia nervosa. All diagnosed students managed to complete their academic training year. The development and implications of a diagnosis of anorexia nervosa in the ballet students are discussed. 相似文献
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Genotype-phenotype correlation for nucleotide substitutions in the IgII- IgIII linker of FGFR2 总被引:6,自引:3,他引:3
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Kevin D. Derman John A. Hawley Timothy D. Noakes Steven C. Dennis 《European journal of applied physiology》1996,74(1-2):36-43
On two occasions, six well-trained, male competitive triathletes performed, in random order, two experimental trials consisting of either a timed ride to exhaustion on a cycle ergometer or a run to exhaustion on a motor-driven treadmill at 80% of their respective peak cycling and peak running oxygen (VO2max) uptakes. At the start of exercise, subjects drank 250 ml of a 15 g·100 ml–1 w/v [U-14C]glucose solution and, thereafter, 150 ml of the same solution every 15 min. Despite identical metabolic rates [VO2 3.51 (0.06) vs 3.51 (0.10) 1·min–1; values are mean (SEM) for the cycling and running trials, respectively], exercise times to exhaustion were significantly longer during cycling than running [96 (14) vs 63 (11) min; P < 0.05]. The superior cycling than running endurance was not associated with any differences in either the rate of blood glucose oxidation [3.8 (0.1) vs 3.9 (0.4) mmol· min–1], or the rate of ingested glucose oxidation [2.0 (0.1) vs 1.7 (0.2) mmol· min–1] at the last common time point (40 min) before exhaustion, despite higher blood glucose concentrations at exhaustion during running than cycling [7.0 (0.9) vs 5.8 (0.5) mmol·1–1; P < 0.05]. However, the final rate of total carbohydrate (CHO) oxidation was significantly greater during cycling than running [24.0 (0.8) vs 21.7 (1.4) mmol C6·min–1; P < 0.01]. At exhaustion, the estimated contribution to energy production from muscle glycogen had declined to similar extents in both cycling and running [68 (3) vs 65 (5)%]. These differences between the rates of total CHO oxidation and blood glucose oxidation suggest that the direct and/or indirect (via lactate) oxidation of muscle glycogen was greater in cycling than running. 相似文献
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John A. Hawley Steven C. Dennis Andrea Nowitz Fred Brouns Timothy D. Noakes 《European journal of applied physiology》1992,64(6):523-527
Summary Intestinal perfusion studies have shown that glucose absorption from maltose occurs faster than from isocaloric glucose. To determine whether ingested maltose might be a superior source of carbohydrate (CHO) for endurance athletes, we compared the rates of gastric emptying, absorption and oxidation of 15 g · 100 ml–1 solutions of maltose and glucose. Six endurance-trained cyclists drank 1200 ml of either U-14C maltose or U-14C glucose as a 400-ml loading bolus immediately before exercise, and as 8 × 100-ml drinks at 10-min intervals during a 90-min ride at 700% of maximal oxygen consumption. The rates of gastric emptying [maltose 690 (SD 119) ml · 90 min–1; glucose 655 (SD 93) ml · 90 min–1], the appearance of U-14C label in the plasma, and the peak rates of exogenous CHO oxidation [maltose 1.0 (SD 0.09) g · min–1; glucose 0.9 (SD 0.09) g · min–1] were not significantly different. Further, the 51 (SD 8) g of maltose and the 49 (SD 9) g of glucose oxidised during exercise were similar. Each accounted for approximately 2001o of the total CHO oxidised during the 90 min of exercise. Since only half of the CHO delivered to the intestine was oxidised in the 90-min ride (maltose 49%; glucose 50%), we conclude that neither the rate of gastric emptying, nor digestion limited the rate of ingested CHO utilisation during the early stages of exercise. Rather, we hypothesise that, initially, it could be the rate at which the CHO diffuses across the unstirred water layer of the brush-border of the intestinal villi that limits the utilisation of soluble CHO ingested during prolonged exercise. 相似文献
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Summary This study examined the rates of gastric emptying for water and 13 different carbohydrate-containing solutions in seven subjects, using conventional gastric intubation techniques. The rates of gastric emptying for water and a 10% glucose-polymer solution were also measured during 90 min of treadmill running at 75% of each subject's maximum oxygen consumption
. At rest, 15% glucose-polymer (P) and fructose (F) solutions emptied more rapidly from the stomach and provided a faster rate of carbohydrate delivery than did a 15% glucose (G) solution (p<0.05). The G solutions showed a constant energy delivery rate of 3.3 kcal · min–1; energy delivery from P and F solutions rose with increasing solution concentrations. The osmolality of the gastric aspirate predicted the rate of gastric emptying for all solutions (p<0.05) but overestimated rates of emptying for 10% and 15% P solutions and underestimated emptying rates for 10% and 15% F solutions. Exercise at 75%
decreased the rate of gastric emptying of water but not of 10% P solutions. Thus the different rates of gastric emptying for different carbohydrate-containing solutions were not entirely explained by differences in osmolality. Furthermore, exercise may have different effects on the gastric emptying rates of water and carbohydrate solutions. 相似文献