Hyaline‐vascular type Castleman’s disease of the pararenal retroperitoneum: Multidetector CT findings

We describe the case of a 40‐year‐old woman who presented with a pararenal hyaline‐vascular type Castleman’s disease that had an arterial supply from the renal artery and a draining vein as showed by multidetector CT. Identification of the renal artery relationship to the feeding vessel of the mass is critical to prevent potential surgical complications.     

原发性肝癌自发性破裂出血26例临床分析

目的探讨总结肝癌自发性破裂出血的诊治经验。方法回顾性分析海口市人民医院自1992年1月～2004年5月收治26例原发性肝癌破裂出血的临床资料。结果该组原发性肝癌自发性破裂出血病例中，行肝癌切除术者，生存时间长。结论原发性肝癌破裂出血行肝叶切除和肝局部切除不但可以彻底有效地止血，而且可以达到切除肿瘤的目的，是首选的方法，是一种安全、可行的方法．如果病人情况不允许，可先行保守治疗或介入治疗（TAE），争取行Ⅱ期或延期肝切除术。而肝动脉结扎加胃网膜右静脉插管化疗，注入无水酒精等癌灶综合治疗为一种有效的辅助措施。     

Malaria mosquito control using edible fish in western Kenya: preliminary findings of a controlled study

Background  

Biological control methods are once again being given much research focus for malaria vector control. This is largely due to the emerging threat of strong resistance to pesticides. Larvivorous fish have been used for over 100 years in mosquito control and many species have proved effective. In the western Kenyan highlands the larvivorous fish Oreochromis niloticus L. (Perciformes: Cichlidae) (formerly Tilapia nilotica) is commonly farmed and eaten but has not been previously tested in the field for malaria mosquito control.     

Solid phase red cell adherence immunoassay for anti-HIV 1: a simple, rapid, and accurate method for donor screening

In technically developed countries in which acquired immunodeficiency syndrome is a risk to the recipients of blood or tissue, it is mandatory to screen the donor for evidence of HIV (human immunodeficiency virus) infection. Current tests, based on enzyme-linked immunoassay, are time-consuming and expensive and as such are unsuitable for developing countries. We describe a second generation test using anti-human IgG coupled to red cells as the indicator of antibody having reacted with test antigen (1). The test is complete within ten minutes, simple to perform and to read and has 100% sensitivity and 99% specificity compared with Western blot. It is ideal for the rapid screening of organ donors and for the screening of blood donors where cost is a major consideration.     

COPD患者急性加重期血清与痰中TNF-α、白细胞三烯B4水平的变化及意义

目的 探讨TNF-α、白细胞三烯B4（LTB4）在慢性阻塞性肺病急性加重期（AECOPD）血清与痰中的含量变化及临床意义.方法 分别检测28例AECOPD患者治疗前后血清与痰中TNF-α、LTB4的含量变化,并以26例健康体检者作对照.结果 AECOPD患者治疗前血清与痰中TNF-α水平分别为（30.12±9.32）ng/L、（9.86±2.56）ng/L,明显高于治疗后[（16.69±4.28）ng/L、（4.69±1.06）ng/L]（P均〈0.05）; AECOPD患者治疗前血清与痰中LTB4水平分别为（2.925±0.855）ng/L、（3.152±0.986）ng/L,明显高于治疗后[（2.206±0.653）ng/L、（2.355±0.701）ng/L]（P均〈0.05）.结论 动 态监测血清与痰中TNF-α、LTB4变化对于评价COPD急性加重期患者病情具有一定的临床意义.     

A systematic review of risk of HIV transmission through biting or spitting: implications for policy

Objectives

The perceived threat of HIV transmission through spitting and biting is evidenced by the increasing use of “spit hoods” by Police Forces in the UK. In addition, a draft parliamentary bill has called for increased penalties for assaults on emergency workers, citing the risk of communicable disease transmission as one justification. We aimed to review literature relating to the risk of HIV transmission through biting or spitting.

Methods

A systematic literature search was conducted using Medline, Embase and Northern Lights databases and conference websites using search terms relating to HIV, AIDS, bite, spit and saliva. Inclusion and exclusion criteria were applied to identified citations. We classified plausibility of HIV transmission as low, medium, high or confirmed based on pre‐specified criteria.

Results

A total of 742 abstracts were reviewed, yielding 32 articles for full‐text review and 13 case reports/series after inclusion and exclusion criteria had been applied. There were no reported cases of HIV transmission related to spitting and nine cases identified following a bite, in which the majority occurred between family (six of nine), in fights involving serious wounds (three of nine), or to untrained first‐aiders placing fingers in the mouth of someone having a seizure (two of nine). Only four cases were classified as highly plausible or confirmed transmission. None related to emergency workers and none were in the UK.

Conclusions

There is no risk of transmitting HIV through spitting, and the risk through biting is negligible. Post‐exposure prophylaxis is not indicated after a bite in all but exceptional circumstances. Policies to protect emergency workers should be developed with this evidence in mind.