Effect of maternal administration of thyrotropin-releasing hormone or DN1417 on functional and morphologic fetal rabbit lung maturation and duration of survival after premature delivery

Though maternal treatment with thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) for prevention of hyaline membrane disease has been utilized, precise mechanisms of TRH in accelerating fetal lung maturation remain unclear. We studied the effect of maternally administered TRH or DN1417 (an analog of TRH) on functional and morphologic fetal rabbit lung maturation and the duration of survival after premature delivery. Because DN1417 retains the neurotransmitter but not the neuroendocrine effects of TRH, this study enables us to determine which of these effects was responsible for enhancement of lung maturation. TRH or DN1417 (0.2 mg/kg/dose) or saline was injected intravenously into New Zealand White rabbit does 48, 36, 24, 12 and 2 h prior to sacrifice on day 27 of gestation. Functional pulmonary maturity was assessed by pressure-volume hysteresis, and morphologic maturity was assessed by histologic technique. Maternal administration of TRH or DN1417 enhanced both functional and morphologic fetal lung maturation as well as the duration of neonatal survival after premature delivery. We propose that the effect of TRH in fetal lung maturation is due to neurotransmitter rather than neuroendocrine effects.     

Concurrent quantification of tissue metabolism and blood flow via 2H/31P NMR in vivo. III. Alterations of muscle blood flow and metabolism during sepsis.

In the conclusion of this series of reports, the application of 31P/2H NMR to investigate the pathophysiology of sepsis in rat hindlimb muscle is demonstrated. Sepsis decreased muscle [PCr] by 18%, 18 +/- 4 SD vs 22 +/- 4 SD mmol/kg tissue wet wt (P = 0.01) in control rats but [ATP] was unchanged, 6 mmol/kg tissue wet wt (P = 0.2). The derived free cytosolic [ADP] in the two groups was similar, [ADP]septic = 0.023 +/- 0.004 SD and [ADP]control = 0.021 +/- 0.003 SD mmol/kg tissue wet wt, and not statistically different (P = 0.14). Likewise [Pi] in the septic and control groups was not statistically different, [Pi]septic = 1.1 +/- 0.5 SD and [Pi]control = 1.2 +/- 0.4 SD mmol/kg tissue wet wt (P = 0.2). Septic rats presented the symptom of respiratory alkalosis evidenced by elevated blood pH. Sepsis decreased muscle blood flow by 33%, P = 0.003, but examination of individual subjects did not demonstrate a correlation with the reduction in [PCr]. Thus, a metabolic energy deficit caused by cellular ischemia/hypoxia is not a likely cause of cellular abnormality in rat hindlimb muscle during sepsis.     

Decreased activity of rat A10 dopamine neurons following withdrawal from repeated cocaine.

Electrophysiological techniques were used to determine the basal activity of A10 dopamine (DA) neurons in the rat ventral tegmental area after a 10-14 day withdrawal from repeated cocaine treatment (10.0 mg/kg i.p. twice daily for 14 days). The number of spontaneously active A10 DA cells was significantly decreased (42%) in the cocaine-treated rats. This decreased activity may underlie the diminished basal levels of synaptic DA within the nucleus accumbens previously reported in cocaine-withdrawn rats and may account for anhedonia, anergia and cocaine craving reported by withdrawn cocaine addicts.     

Ventilatory criteria for aeromedical evacuation

Ventilatory requirements during simulated aeromedical transportation were investigated in normal dogs and animals with oleic acid-induced lung injury. Inspired oxygen fractions of 0.21 and 1.0 were used to ventilate the normal and injured dogs, respectively. Both groups were ventilated with a constant-volume piston ventilator. After a control period, animals were exposed to a simulated altitude of 8,000 ft (barometric pressure 564 mm Hg), followed by a second control period at ground level. Both groups of animals had no change in carbon dioxide production, arterial PCO2 or ventilation during exposure to reduced barometric pressure. Systemic blood pressure, heart rate, cardiac output, and lung volume were all lower in oleic acid-injured animals than controls; the alveolar-arterial oxygen difference was larger in the oleic acid group. With altitude exposure, arterial and mixed venous oxygen tensions were decreased in both groups. Adequate gas exchange can be maintained during exposure to altitude even in animals with abnormal function provided that ventilation is constant and the inspired oxygen fraction is increased to compensate for the reduced barometric pressure.     

Measurement of end-capillary PO2 with positron emission tomography

The analysis of positron emission tomography measurements of oxygen metabolism has been extended to provide a quantitative estimate of end-capillary PO2. The principle of this extension rests on the idea that the oxygen extraction fraction can be used to calculate the end-capillary oxygen saturation of the blood. The relation between oxygen saturation and PO2 is obtained through the oxygen dissociation curve. Our studies show that in addition to the local oxygen extraction fraction, arterial PO2 and pH values are needed in the calculation, whereas fairly large variations in factors such as PCO2, hematocrit, hemoglobin, and plasma protein levels have little or no effect. Rough estimates of end-capillary PO2 can be made using standard O2 dissociation nomograms. Blood gas and acid-base properties of blood have been known for decades, making it possible to account accurately for individual differences that may be encountered when studying patients. Measurements in nine normal subjects yielded a mean end-capillary PO2 value of 31.2 mm Hg. The ability to make a quantitative visualization of altered patterns of end-capillary PO2 provides an additional dimension to the investigation of stroke disease and tumor metabolism.     

Focal lung uptake of Gallium-67 in patients with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome secondary to pneumocystis carinii pneumonia

It is generally accepted that the lung uptake of ⁶⁷Ga in patients with pneumocystis carinii pneumonia (PCP) is diffuse and bilateral. Three cases of focal lung uptake of ⁶⁷Ga in AIDS patients with PCP but without other opportunistic infection are described. While focal lung uptake is characteristic of opportunistic infections other than PCP, we wish to emphasize that focal uptake of gallium in the chest does not rule out PCP and may represent its earliest stage of presentation.     

Viral encephalitis: imaging with SPECT

SPECT brain imaging performed in two patients with presumed herpes encephalitis demonstrated greater sensitivity and more precise localization than either planar brain imaging or CT scanning.