Acute heart failure and acute renal failure in Kawasaki disease

Acute renal failure and acute heart failure are rare in Kawasaki disease. We experienced two patients with Kawasaki disease who presented acute renal failure and acute heart failure. These two patients gave us an important insight into the understanding of water balance and fluid therapy in Kawasaki disease. One patient showed acute prerenal failure due to fluid exudation from the intravascular to the extravascular space, and subsequent acute heart failure. The other patient showed acute heart failure caused by fluid infusion for the treatment of dehydration. It is suggested that acute renal failure could be caused by a fluid shift from the intravascular to the extravascular space in Kawasaki disease. It is also demonstrated that the reserve of cardiac function could be decreased in patients with Kawasaki disease due to myocarditis even with normal echocardiography and chest X-rays.     

Selective Electrothermolysis of the Sebaceous Glands: Treatment of Facial Seborrhea

BACKGROUND: There are few publications on facial seborrhea treatment. A focused therapy is needed. OBJECTIVE: Our aim was to evaluate the efficacy of electrothermolysis of the sebaceous glands. METHODS: In the preliminary studies, histologic changes in the cheek skin by electrothermolysis were examined by light microscopy. In the clinical studies, 15 adult women subjects with facial seborrhea were treated four times by the same procedure. A 1.50-mm-long needle with a 0.45-mm base insulation was inserted into pores in the forehead and cheeks, and a high-frequency electrical current was applied for 0.25 to 0.50 seconds with an output of 40 W. Each treatment took 60 to 90 minutes. The subjects returned for 6-months follow-up after their fourth treatment. RESULTS: Histology 1 and 6 months later showed fewer sebaceous glands and the development of fibrosis. All 12 subjects who completed the 6-month follow-up gave a subjective assessment of continuous reduction of facial seborrhea. On a scale of 0.0 to 3.0, the mean improvement score was 1.67+/-0.75. The mean reduction rate of skin surface lipids was 31.5% by sebumeter (p< .01). CONCLUSIONS: Even though this is a pilot, uncontrolled clinical assessment study, electrothermolysis of sebaceous glands may be an effective and safe approach for facial seborrhea treatment.     

Pharmacokinetic and Pharmacodynamic Properties of FK070 (KDI-792), A Novel Thromboxane Receptor Antagonist/Thromboxane Synthetase Inhibitor,After Single and Multiple Oral Administrations to Healthy Volunteers

FK070, a thromboxane A₂ (TXA₂) receptor antagonist/TXA₂ synthetase inhibitor, was given orally to healthy male volunteers in a single-and multiple-dose study. In the single-dose study (200, 300, 400 mg), the area under the plasma concentration—time curve (AUC) and the maximum plasma concentration (C_max) increased non-linearly with dose, while the mean elimination half-life (t¹_β) was essentially unchanged (3.9-7.3 h). Recovery of the unchanged drug in the urine was 12–25%. C_max and AUC as determined with 200 mg of drug after a meal decreased by about 60 and 30%, respectively. Ex-vivo platelet aggregation in the plasma by a TXA₂ analogue, U46619, was almost completely inhibited within 1 h, after all doses of drug, with a significant dose-dependent inhibition maintained for 8 h or more, which was much longer than was expected from drug plasma concentration. The aggregation by adenosine diphosphate (ADP) was inhibited to a lesser extent. FK070 also inhibited TXA₂ synthetase as evidenced by decreased production of TXB₂ and reciprocally increased production of 6-keto-prostaglandin F_1α in the serum during ex-vivo whole blood coagulation. These effects peaked 1 h after drug and lasted until 4 h with the higher doses. In the multiple-dose study (300 mg, twice a day, after meals for 6.5 days), drug concentrations in the plasma were well fitted to a three-compartment open model with first-order absorption. FK070 afforded extensive inhibition of platelet aggregation by U46619 throughout the administration period, with a significant inhibition lasting as long as 48 h after conclusion of administration. No clearly drug-related changes were found in routine laboratory tests, subjective and objective findings, or vital signs. FK070 was concluded to be well tolerated and to provide long-lasting blockade of TXA₂ receptors, and plasma concentration-dependent inhibition of TXA₂ synthetase in the platelets.     

Two rare anomalies of the brachial plexus

Morphological variations of the brachial plexus and variants in the distribution of the anterior division of the middle trunk are relatively frequent. Two of the rarest anomalies occurred in the left brachial plexus of a 62-y-old Japanese male, 1 of 104 plexuses dissected between 1996 and 1997 at Kanazawa University Faculty of Medicine. The superior trunk of the brachial plexus was formed by the anterior primary division of C5 and C6 and a thin branch (0.5 mm in diameter) from C4, the middle trunk by the C7, and the inferior trunk by C8 and T1 (Fig.). We could not determine whether there was a branch derived from T2 to T1, since the subject had died of lung carcinoma. The entire anterior division of the middle trunk crossed the axillary artery and joined the medial root of the median nerve which was the continuation of the medial cord after the cord branched off the ulnar nerve. The lateral cord pierced coracobrachialis and divided into the musculocutaneous nerve and the lateral root of the median nerve just after emerging from the muscle, finally joining the medial root of the median nerve superficial to the brachial artery ∼115 mm distal to the lower border of latissimus dorsi to form the median nerve. The musculocutaneous nerve gave rise to the nerves to biceps brachii, brachialis, and the long head of biceps brachii and finally continued as the lateral cutaneous nerve of the forearm. The branch to coracobrachialis had already been cut and its course could not be traced.     

Diagnosis of Small Pancreatic Carcinoma

A retrospective analysis was performed to evaluate the clinicalsymptoms and abnormal test findings in small pancreatic carcinoma.Five hundred and thirty-six cases of pancreatic carcinoma withthe histology of duct cell carcinoma were collected from 14medical centers in Japan. In 440 of the cases, tumor size wasmeasured at the time of laparotomy or from the resected specimen.Three hundred and seventy-seven patients (86%) had a carcinomalarger than 3.0 cm; only 30% of these were resectable. Sixty-threepatients (14%) had a carcinoma of 3.0 cm or less, with resectabilityof 97%. Detecting a tumor of "3 cm or less" with a high probabilityof resectability is the objective of early diagnosis with theresulting possibility of a cure. In most cases these small carcinomaswere found easily when obstructive jaundice was present (73%).However, the estimated occurrence of obstructive jaundice associatedwith carcinomas of 3 cm or less was only 10% among the totalcases of pancreatic carcinoma studied. Therefore, it is necessaryfor early diagnosis to detect carcinomas of 3 cm or less presentingwithout jaundice. The symptoms of small carcinoma without jaundiceare weight loss, anorexia, upper abdominal pain, back pain anda palpable abdominal mass. Among the various available examinations,endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography, computerizedtomography and ultrasonography were valuable in diagnosing thesesmall carcinomas.     

Quantitative structure–activity relationship (QSAR) study of elastase substrates and inhibitors

One hundred Suc-X-Y-Ala-pNA peptides (SUC: succinyl, pNA: p-nitroanilide, X, Y: Gly, Ala, Val, Leu, Ile, Phe, Pro, x-aminobutyric acid, norvaline, norleucine) were synthesized and their reaction constants with porcine pancreatic elastase (K_m, K_cat and K_cat/K_m) were determined. These reaction constants were quantitatively analyzed using the Free–Wilson/Fujita–Ban method. The contribution of amino acid side chains to the reaction constants K_m, K_cat and K_cat/K_m), expressed logarithmically, was found to be additive. On the other hand, 19 elastase inhibitors of the general formula CF₃CO-X-Y-Ala-pNA (X,Y: ten amino acids) were synthesized, and their inhibition constants were compared with the Michaelis constant for the corresponding substrates and analyzed using free-energy-related substituent constants. In the analysis of amino acid side chains in the Y position, the K_i value of the inhibitor was generally correlated to the K_m value of the substrate, which corresponded to the inhibitor, thus confirming the validity of the equation This study may serve as a prototypical approach to unraveling structure–activity relationships of peptide substrates and inhibitors of medicinal or agricultural importance.     

Nonulcerative Lesion Detected by Endoscopy as an Early Expression of Gastric Malignancy: --Retrospective Observation of 72 Cases of Gastric Carcinoma--

To evaluate the endoscopic criteria for early malignant findingsof gastric carcinoma more precisely, a retrospective examinationof endoscopic pictures of 72 patients with gastric carcinomawas carried out. The patients had received endoscopic examinationsrepeatedly for years and proceeded finally to surgery on thebasis of a diagnosis of carcinoma by gastric biopsy. The macroscopicas well as microscopic findings of the resected specimens werecompared with the previous endoscopic observations. Ulcerative lesions were predominantly found at the initial endoscopyin patients whose final diagnosis was the lie type of earlygastric cancer or IIc-like advanced cancer. These patients usuallyreceived endoscopic examinations repeatedly and their lesionswere diagnosed as malignant by the adopted criteria of earlygastric cancer 2 to 6 yr after the initial examination. In contrast, nonulcerative lesions were observed more frequentlyat the initial examination in patients with the final diagnosisof the IIa+IIc type of early gastric cancer or Borrmann typeof advanced cancer. In most of those patients endoscopic examinationwas not carried out so frequently, and in some of those whohad been closely followed the malignant findings appeared rathersuddenly with tumorous formation as well as deeper invasionduring less than a few years from the previous examination atwhich the tumor had been considered benign. These data indicate that the nonulcerative lesions which wereconsidered benign could be the early expression of gastric carcinoma.It should be stressed that nonulcerative lesions such as "irregularerythematous change, discoloration, flat granular change" and"simple mucosal depression" observed in some parts of the stomachwould be important site for the detection of early gastric carcinoma,and that these lesions need to be biopsied more frequently.     

Expression of cathepsin D and epidermal growth factor receptor in stage III cervical carcinomas

Cathepsin D and epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) antigens are related to tumor invasion, metastasis, progression, and recurrence. To assess the prognostic significance of the expression of these two antigens, biopsy specimens consecutively obtained from 216 patients with stage III cervical carcinomas (191 with squamous cell carcinomas and 25 with adenocarcinomas), who were treated with radiotherapy, were investigated immunohistochemically. The positive rate of cathepsin D expression in squamous cell carcinomas was 74%, significantly higher than the 47% observed in adenocarcinomas ( P  = 0.015). The EGFR positive rate in squamous cell carcinomas was 33%, somewhat higher than the 16% in adenocarcinomas ( P  = 0.088). The chi-square test and Kaplan–Meier method showed no significant relationship between the expression of either cathepsin D or EGFR and the prognosis in these patients. These results indicate that in stage III cervical carcinomas cathepsin D and EGFR expression do not correlate with prognosis.     

Theophylline metabolism in acute asthma with MxA-indicated viral infection

BACKGROUND: Although viral infection might alter theophylline metabolism in acute asthma, there are some difficulties in detecting infection due to various kinds of viruses in a clinical setting. METHODS: To evaluate the usefulness of assessment of MxA protein in acute asthma exacerbated by viral infection, MxA protein expression in lymphocytes was assayed by flow cytometric analysis in whole peripheral blood in 21 children (aged 0-6 years) receiving continuous theophylline infusion for management of asthma attack. Serum theophylline levels were measured at 24 and 72 h after initiating theophylline infusion. RESULTS: At the beginning of theophylline infusion, 11 children had increased expression of MxA protein, indicating viral infected states. After 24 h continuous infusion, there were no differences in theophylline levels between MxA-negative and MxA-positive groups. After 72 h infusion, the mean theophylline level of MxA-positive children was significantly higher than that of MxA-negative children (9.7 +/- 2.2 microg/mL vs 7.3 +/- 1.6 microg/mL). The ratio of theophylline clearance at 72 h to that at 24 h in the MxA-positive group was significantly lower than that of the MxA-negative group (1.1 +/- 0.2 vs 1.4 +/- 0.1). CONCLUSIONS: Viral infection appeared to affect theophylline metabolism. Flow cytometric assay of lymphoid MxA protein expression in whole blood is an easy and useful method of evaluating viral infection in acute asthma exacerbation.