The effect of a high calory diet on hormonal changes in young men during prolonged physical strain and sleep deprivation

Summary Major changes occur in the serum level of several hormones during 5 days of heavy and continuous physical activities, with less than a total of 2 h of sleep. The present investigation was designed to evaluate the importance of caloric deficiency, energy requirement being about 8,000–10,000 kcal/24 h. A comparison between well fed subjects and those with food deprivation revealed significantly higher levels of (T₃) triiodothyronin, insulin and thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) in the well-fed subjects, who also had lower levels of growth hormone (hGH) and cortisol, whereas no difference was found between the two groups for thyroxin (T₄). Increased levels were found for T₃ and T₄ in both groups during the first day of activity, with a concomitant decrease in TSH and a subsequent decrease of T₄ during the next 2 days. T₃ decreased only in the low-calory group whereas increased levels were found in the iso-calory group throughout the course. The resting levels of insulin decreased during the course in the low-calory group whereas it increased in the iso-calory group. High levels were maintained throughout the course for hGH. Cortisol showed high levels just before the start of the course and then decreased from day 2 to day 4. No difference was found between the morning and evening levels for cortisol, indicating disappearance of the circadian rhythm. The present investigation has shown that energy deficiency during prolonged physical strain is responsible for the decreased serum levels of T₃ and insulin and may contribute to the decrease in TSH and the increase in hGH and cortisol.     

Increase in the ratio of serum levels of apolipoproteins A-I and A-II during prolonged physical strain and calorie deficiency

Summary Effects of four days of intense physical activity on serum concentrations of total triglycerides, total cholesterol and apolipoproteins A-I, A-II, and B were studied in 35 well-trained young men. Serum total triglyceride levels decreased to 70% of baseline levels after 24 h, and fell further to 50% of baseline levels after 4 days. Serum levels of total cholesterol fell steadily to about 80% of baseline levels on the 4th day. Apo-B levels fell to 85% of baseline levels after 24 h, and remained at that level. Apo A-I fell to about 90%, and apo A-II to about 80% of baseline levels, causing a significant increase in the ratio of apo A-I to apo A-II. The intraindividual changes in apo B were positively correlated to changes in cholesterol during the first day (r=0.60). The changes in apo A-I and apo A-II had no significant correlation with changes in total cholesterol or triglycerides, or with one another, suggesting that apo A-I and apo A-II are metabolized independently during conditions of hard physical exercise.     

Granulocyte chemiluminescence response to serum opsonized zymosan particlesex vivo during long-term strenuous exercise,energy and sleep deprivation in humans

The chemiluminescence response of granulocytes to serum opsonized zymosan particles (SOZ) ex vivo was investigated during two ranger training courses lasting 7 days with continuous moderate physical activities corresponding to about 32% of maximal oxygen uptake or 35 000 kJ · 24 h⁻¹, with energy deficiency (energy supply 0-4000 kJ · 24 h⁻¹), and less than 3-h sleep during the 7 days. Significant granulocytosis in combination with a lymphopenia in peripheral blood was observed during the whole course. A priming of the granulocytes for accentuated chemiluminescence response to SOZ was observed during the first days of the course with a maximal increase on day 3 in course A (+35% of control response) and on day 1 in course B (+ 12%). Thereafter, reduced responses to SOZ compared to control values (−28% and −21% in course A and B) were observed. In course A, a group (n = 8) receiving 5000 kJ · 24 h⁻¹ of additional energy, showed a more pronounced priming (maximum +57% versus +21 % of control response) during the first days. In course B, all the cadets had 3 h of organised rest/sleep on day 5, and a second priming of the chemiluminescence response was observed on the subsequent 2 days. These data indicated that moderate, continuous, predominantly aerobic physical activities for 1–3 days around the clock primed the production of reactive oxygen species in granulocytes. This priming may be beneficial for, for example, host defence against micro-organisms, but may also contribute to inflammatory damage to normal tissues such as muscle, tendons and joints during exercise. However, when the moderate exercise continued for several more days, a down-modulation of the granulocyte response was observed. The findings of this study further support the possibility that moderate physical activity stimulates immunity, while more extreme duration of the same activities may result in a down-modulation of nonspecific (and specific) immunity.     

Assessment of bioequivalence after subcutaneous and intramuscular administration of urinary gonadotrophins

The objective was to demonstrate bioequivalence between s.c. and i.m. administration of Humegon (FSH/LH ratio 1:1) and Normegon (FSH/LH ratio 3:1). In two randomized, single-centre, cross-over studies, 18 healthy volunteers on each formulation were assigned to one of the two administration sequences. Subjects were given single doses of one of the above gonadotrophins after endogenous gonadotrophin production had first been suppressed using high-dose oral contraceptive. Subsequently, rate (Cmax, tmax) and extent (AUC) of absorption of follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH) were determined for 14 days. For Cmax and AUC, analysis of variance (ANOVA) was performed on log-transformed data and for tmax ANOVA was performed on ranks. Intramuscular and s.c. injections of Humegon were bioequivalent with respect to the main pharmacokinetic parameters, being AUC and Cmax of FSH absorption. Intramuscular and s.c. injections of Normegon were bioequivalent with respect to the AUC of FSH and not bioequivalent with respect to the Cmax of FSH. For tmax of FSH as well as for most LH variables of both preparations, bioequivalence could not be proven due to the high intra- and interindividual variability and/or concentrations being close to the detection limit. Thus, the main pharmacokinetic FSH variables after i.m. and s.c. administration of Humegon and Normegon were bioequivalent.      

传染性肺结核患者家庭中儿童结核感染发病及预防的研究

目的　分析传染性肺结核患者家庭中的儿童结核感染和发病情况 ,探讨预防儿童发病的有效方案。方法　对与传染性肺结核患者密切接触的儿童进行X线胸透和做结核菌素试验 ;对结核菌素强阳性者给予预防性治疗。结果　与传染性肺结核患者密切接触的儿童感染率为 88 2 %。规则预防治疗组、不规则预防治疗组和不接受预防治疗组的患病率分别为 :8 3%、4 7 6 %、5 8 8%。结论　与传染性肺结核患者密切接触的儿童属于高危人群 ,给予预防性治疗可减少发病。     

The hypothalamo-pituitary regulation of androgen secretion in young men after prolonged physical stress combined with energy and sleep deprivation.

During a five days' military training course for male cadets with hard physical activity day and night and almost no sleep or food, a decrease was found in LH, FSH, PRL and TSH. A decrease was also found in testosterone, dihydrotestosterone (DHT), androstenedione, dehydroepiandrosterone and 17 alpha-OH progesterone, whereas dehydroepiandrosterone-sulfate increased twofold. The LH and FSH responses to GnRH intravenously were increased at the end of the course. This demonstrates enhanced pituitary reserves of gonadotropin, or, alternatively, increased sensitivity to GnRH stimulation and may be due to decreased hypothalamic secretion of GnRH during the course. The decreased DHT and testosterone levels were almost normalized after HCG stimulation, indicating a gonadotropin regulated decrease in testosterone secretion during the course. In spite of fairly weak correlation between the alteration in gonadotropins and androgens it is concluded that there is a major regulation of testicular androgen secretion during prolonged stress by the hypothalamo-pituitary axis.     

延边地区肺结核病人归口转诊模式的探讨

目的　分析延边地区建立肺结核归口转诊模式对肺结核病人的转诊到位率的影响,探讨提高转诊到位率的方法。方法 对全州8个县(市)医院、中医医院、中心卫生院、大型厂矿企事业单位职工医院的执法检查考核资料进行评价。结果 1.建立归口转诊模式前期转诊率为48.3%,转诊到位率为29.0%,后期转诊率为89.0%,转诊到位率为72.4%,有明显提高;2.前期年平均涂阳病人新登记率为13.36/10万,后期为17.86/10万,实施归口转诊模式前期与实施后期的指标有显著性差异(P<0.01)。结论 延边地区实施的肺结核病人归口转诊模式,对提高肺结核病的转诊到位率十分有效,应不断完善并深入推广。