The role of complementary and alternative therapies in cardiac rehabilitation: a systematic evaluation.

BACKGROUND: Presently, complementary and alternative medicine, including both therapies and herbal/oral supplements, is used globally. Few studies have examined the use of specific therapies, separate from herbal/oral supplements, in cardiac rehabilitation. This paper presents a systematic evaluation of current research evidence related to use of specific complementary and alternative medicine therapies in secondary prevention of cardiovascular disease, with a view to making recommendations for cardiac rehabilitation. DESIGN AND METHODS: A literature search was conducted using complementary and alternative medicine websites, Medline, Allied and Complementary Medicine, CINAHL, Cochrane databases, EMBASE, SportDiscus, Clinical Evidence, and Evidence-Based Practice to locate research-based scientific evidence related to the use of complementary and alternative medicine in cardiac rehabilitation. Search keywords included heart, cardiac, cardiovascular, coronary, myocardial and rehabilitation, combined with particular therapies. Herbal/oral supplements were not included in this evaluation. RESULTS: Some complementary and alternative medicine therapies may be useful to patients by themselves or coupled with traditional cardiac rehabilitation. Tai chi, as a complement to existing exercise interventions, can be utilized for low and intermediate risk patients. transcendental meditation may be used as a stress reduction technique. There was insufficient evidence found for the use of acupuncture or chelation therapy in cardiac rehabilitation or secondary prevention. CONCLUSIONS: Some complementary and alternative medicine therapies hold promise for patients in cardiac rehabilitation. Further research is essential, however, in all areas of complementary and alternative medicine to confirm its usefulness as an adjunct to cardiac rehabilitation.     

全膝关节置换术后的骨溶解：胫骨盘表面的修饰及聚乙烯衬垫灭菌方法对其的影响术 后5至10年的报告

背景：从关节和胫骨假体聚乙烯衬垫后表面转移磨损碎屑，是全膝关节置换术后假体周围骨溶解的主要原因。全膝人工关节假体设计随时问而发生变化，例如对胫骨盘近端表面的粗糙度和聚乙烯衬垫的灭菌方法。我们假设胫骨盘表面抛光和采用空气中γ射线照射之外的其他方法对衬垫灭菌，可降低骨溶解的发生率。方法：从1987年至1998年，我们采用后十字韧带保留型的解剖型组配式全膝人工关节假体系列。对300名患者施行365例全膝关节置换术。术后5至10年，对这些患者的膝关节摄正、侧位X线片。由两位关节置换专家对X线片上的骨溶解状况进行单独评定（骨溶解的界定标准为假体周围存在边缘清晰的非线性松质骨丢失区）。结果：在粗糙表面的胫骨盘的242例膝关节中，使用空气中γ射线照射灭菌的衬垫固定，有34％（82例）骨溶解阳性。用惰性气体中γ射线照射或没有照射的衬垫与抛光表面连接的98例膝关节中，有9％（9例）骨溶解阳性。骨溶解与六项因素相关，这些因素为：一项与患者（男性）相关、一项与胫骨盘（近端表面抛光）相关、三项与聚乙烯衬垫（加工的原材料、灭菌方法及存放时间）相关及一项与手术技术（股骨假体与胫骨假体间的过伸）相关。结论：在这类假体设计中，胫骨盘近端表面采用抛光及衬垫采用更为先进的灭菌方法（不用空气中γ射线照射灭菌）能显著减少骨溶解的发生率，但不能避免骨溶解。     

Measurements of Blood Pressure, Oedema and Proteinuria in a Pregnant Population of New Zealand

Summary: This is the first report of the largest study of blood pressure measurement in pregnancy in a New Zealand population using standardized definitions and methodology. Over 3,800 women who delivered in an 8-month period in the Wellington region were included in the study. Blood pressure measurement and the presence of oedema and proteinuria were recorded from booking until delivery and in the puerperium. Only 2.7% of women were unable to be contacted after delivery for details on outcomes. The results established normal ranges for blood pressure throughout pregnancy. The data show that Mood pressure greater than 140/90 until 35 weeks' gestation is outside 2 standard deviations at all gestations and justifies using these measurements as the definition of hypertension in pregnancy. The fall in blood pressure in the 2nd trimester was less than 1 mm Ffg per week in both the systolic and diastolic pressures. This fall was smaller than previously recorded in other studies. Gestational hypertension was the commonest blood pressure abnormality occurring in 15.2% of the population. This represented 69% of the pregnant women with a hypertensive disorder. The overall incidence of both gestational hypertension and preeclampsia was 18.5% which is higher than reported in other parts of the world. In this study obesity was significantly associated with hypertensive disorders in pregnancy. An arm circumference of >33 cm, one of the measurements of obesity, was found in 6.8% of the study population. Even after the effect of arm circumference was taken into account, hypertensive disorders were also more common in Pacific Island women. Ankle oedema was significantly associated with the development of both gestational hypertension and preeclampsia but the incidence of oedema was noted in only 11.9% of the subjects.     

Techniques of lumpectomy and axillary dissection

Preservation of the breast with a good or excellent cosmetic appearance is achievable in most patients. Careful attention to the details of surgical technique allows these procedures to be carried out easily and comfortably for the patient and the surgeon alike.     

Use of CO2 to move structures as an aid to percutaneous procedures

By injecting small amounts of CO2 through a needle, one can move bowel or bladder from the intended path of instruments during interventional procedures. The technique worked well in six of seven cases in the pelvis and retroperitoneum; it was not effective in the mediastinum or midabdomen (n = 6).     

Noradrenergic activation of immediate early genes in rat cerebral cortex.

Previous studies have shown that stimulation of adrenergic receptors in the brain increases the expression of the immediate early gene (IEG), c-fos, in vivo (Mol. Brain Res., 6(1989) 39-45). The present study was undertaken to determine whether this also holds for other IEGs which have been shown to be activated in brain cell culture by adrenergic agonists. Both yohimbine injection and stressful stimulation, two treatments causing brain norepinephrine (NE) release, were found to cause a parallel, transient activation of at least 5 IEGs (c-fos, nur77, tis-7, zif-268 and tis-21) in the rat cortex. Genes that are not immediate early (beta-actin, NGF and HSP70) were found not to be affected in the interval used (6 h). The responses were mediated predominantly by beta-adrenoceptors with some contribution from alpha 1 receptors. The parallel activation of multiple genes by noradrenergic receptors may enable the coding of different biochemical responses to the activation of different receptors.     

Inhibition of the expression of lysyl oxidase and its substrates in cadmium-resistant rat fetal lung fibroblasts.

Copper (Cu)-dependent lysyl oxidase (LO) catalyzes crosslinking of collagen and elastin stabilizing the extracellular matrix (ECM). Chronic inhalation of cadmium (Cd), a toxic metal, induces emphysema. To probe mechanisms of Cd injury to the lung, we developed Cd-resistant (CdR) cells from rat fetal lung fibroblasts (RFL6) by chronic exposure to CdCl(2) from 1 to 40 microM and further examined their expressions of LO, LO substrates, and Cu-scavenging thiols. Levels of cellular thiols, metallothionein, and glutathione in CdR cells were elevated to 13.0- and 3.2-fold of parental controls, respectively, whereas LO mRNA and protein levels were markedly reduced in these cells, with catalytic activity declining to only 16% of the parental control. A conspicuous 52 kDa species rather then the normal 50 kDa proenzyme appeared in the CdR cell extract but not in the conditioned medium, which was codistributed with the endoplasmic reticulum marker [DiOC5(3)] within the cell, implying the Cd-induced 52 kDa species as a product of an abnormal LO-processing defect in secretion. Addition of Cu into CdR cell cultures enhanced the expression of LO mRNA, protein and catalytic activities reflecting limitation of Cu bioavailability for LO in these cells. With inhibition of LO, CdR cells also displayed downregulation of collagen and elastin, substrates of LO. Restoration of collagen synthesis by exposure of CdR cells to purified LO or Cu suggests that inhibition of LO and limitation of Cu cofactor by Cd, as key phenotype changes, accelerated collagen and elastin damage, a critical event pertinent to emphysema pathogenesis.