中国子宫颈癌临床诊疗大数据研究项目第一期总结——腹腔镜与开腹手术肿瘤学结局对比

2018年10月31日是子宫颈癌腹腔镜手术的一个“转折点”，《新英格兰医学杂志》（The New England Journal of Medicine，NEJM）在线发表了美国安德森癌症中心子宫颈癌腹腔镜手术（Laparoscopic Approach to Cervical Cancer，LACC）的随机对照试验（randomized controlled trial，RCT）研究结果［1］和美国哈佛医学院真实世界研究（real world study，RWS）结果［2］，两者都认为相比于传统开腹手术，早期子宫颈癌微创手术病死率、复发率均较高，而无瘤生存率（disease-free survival，DFS）和总体生存率（overall survival，OS）均较低。这颠覆了腹腔镜手术既往在子宫颈癌治疗中的地位，也为妇科内镜界敲响了警钟。 浏览更多请关注本刊微信公众号及当期杂志。     

Self-rated health status as a risk factor for future vascular events and mortality in patients with symptomatic and asymptomatic atherosclerotic disease: the SMART study

Abstract. Grool AM, van der Graaf Y, Visseren FLJ, de Borst GJ, Algra A, Geerlings MI, on behalf of the SMART Study Group (University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands). Self‐rated health status as a risk factor for future vascular events and mortality in patients with symptomatic and asymptomatic atherosclerotic disease: the SMART study. J Intern Med 2012; 272: 277–286. Objectives. Lower self‐rated health status has been associated with worse prognosis in patients with coronary artery disease (CAD). We investigated the influence of self‐rated physical and mental health status on the risk of future vascular events and mortality for various locations of symptomatic atherosclerotic disease and asymptomatic disease. Design. Patients with CAD (n = 2547), cerebrovascular disease (n = 1061), peripheral arterial disease (PAD; n = 648), abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA; n = 272) and asymptomatic atherosclerotic disease (n = 1933) were followed for a median of 4 years for the occurrence of a new vascular event or death. Self‐rated health status was assessed with the Short Form‐36 physical and mental component summary scales. Cox regression models were used to estimate associations between health status and vascular events and death, adjusted for age, sex, vascular risk factors and intima–media thickness. Results. In the total population, lower self‐rated physical health status (per 10‐point decrease) increased the risk of vascular events [hazard ratio (HR) = 1.37, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.24–1.52], and all‐cause (HR = 1.45, 95% CI 1.29–1.63) and vascular mortality (HR = 1.40, 95% CI 1.20–1.64). A 10‐point decrease in mental health status was associated with a modest increase in the risk of vascular events (HR = 1.19, 95% CI 1.08–1.32), and all‐cause (HR = 1.19, 95% CI 1.05–1.34) and vascular mortality (HR = 1.28, 95% CI 1.09–1.49). Risk estimates of physical and mental health status were highest in patients with asymptomatic atherosclerotic disease and lowest in those with PAD. Conclusions. Poorer self‐rated physical and mental health status increases the risk of vascular events and mortality in a broad population of patients with symptomatic and asymptomatic atherosclerotic disease.     

中国低视力康复临床指南（2021）

视觉是人类感觉信息来源的主体（>82%）,视觉损伤不仅影响视觉功能,更降低患者的独立生存能力,增加家庭以及社会经济负担[1-3]。2010年世界卫生组织（WHO）报告指出我国的视觉损伤人群约 7 550万[4],2019年发布的《世界视觉报告2019》指 出目前全球中重度视觉损伤人群约有2.16亿,盲人 3 600万[5]。低视力属于视觉损伤范畴中的中重度视觉损伤,严重损害患者视觉功能以及生存质量,系统性、规范化地对低视力患者进行视觉康复非常重要[6]。然而我国对于低视力康复尚缺乏统一的临床诊疗规范,各视觉康复机构的低视力康复水平参差不齐,低视力康复临床指南的制定尤为必要和紧迫。     

Effect of metabolic syndrome or type II diabetes mellitus on the occurrence of recurrent vascular events in hypertensive patients

Patients with hypertension and manifest vascular disease are at high risk for recurrent cardiovascular diseases. It is unknown if the metabolic syndrome further increases the risk in these patients. This study aims to quantify the effect of metabolic syndrome and type II diabetes on cardiovascular events in hypertensive patients with vascular disease. A total of 2,196 hypertensive patients with vascular disease (cerebrovascular disease (34%), coronary heart disease (50%), peripheral arterial disease (28%), abdominal aortic aneurysm (13%)) from the Second Manifestations of Arterial Disease study were followed for up to 10 years (mean 3.9 years) for death, stroke and myocardial infarction. Age and sex adjusted hazard ratios (HR) were calculated for hypertensive patients with metabolic syndrome but without diabetes (n=775) and for hypertensive patients with type II diabetes (n=381), compared to merely hypertensive patients (n=1,040). Forty-nine percent had metabolic syndrome (NCEP ATPIII definition) and 17% had type II diabetes. Metabolic syndrome predicted vascular death (HR 1.41, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.01-1.98), stroke (HR 1.36, 95% CI 0.85-2.16) and myocardial infarction (HR 1.40, 95% CI 0.97-2.01). Type II diabetes accounted for even higher risks of vascular end points (HR 1.41-1.64). The effect of metabolic syndrome on future events could not be explained by the presence of type II diabetes. Even in high-risk patients with hypertension and vascular disease, presence of metabolic syndrome or type II diabetes identifies patients at high risk for future cardiovascular events. Identifying metabolic syndrome patients may direct therapy focusing on treatment of insulin resistance by reducing weight and increasing physical activity.     

High blood pressure is inversely related with the presence and extent of coronary collaterals

Patients with hypertension have an increased case fatality during acute myocardial infarction (MI). Coronary collateral (CC) circulation has been proposed to reduce the risk of death during acute ischaemia. We determined whether and to which degree high blood pressure (BP) affects the presence and extent of CC circulation. A cross-sectional study in 237 patients (84% males), admitted for elective coronary angioplasty between January 1998 and July 2002, was conducted. Collaterals were graded with Rentrop's classification (grade 0-3). CC presence was defined as Rentrop-grade > or =1. BP was measured twice with an inflatable cuff manometer in seated position. Pulse pressure was calculated by systolic blood pressure (SBP)-diastolic blood pressure (DBP). Mean arterial pressure was calculated by DBP+1/3 x (SBP-DBP). Systolic hypertension was defined by a reading > or =140 mmHg. We used logistic regression with adjustment for putative confounders. SBP (odds ratio (OR) 0.86 per 10 mmHg; 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.73-1.00), DBP (OR 0.67 per 10 mmHg; 95% CI 0.49-0.93), mean arterial pressure (OR 0.73 per 10 mmHg; 95% CI 0.56-0.94), systolic hypertension (OR 0.49; 95% CI 0.26-0.94), and antihypertensive treatment (OR 0.53; 95% CI 0.27-1.02), each were inversely associated with the presence of CCs. Also, among patients with CCs, there was a graded, significant inverse relation between levels of SBP, levels of pulse pressure, and collateral extent. There is an inverse relationship between BP and the presence and extent of CC circulation in patients with ischaemic heart disease.     

心脏神经症中医诊疗专家共识

心脏神经症是一种心血管症状与自主神经兴奋表现共同出现的神经症,中医药治疗心脏神经症效果明确,临床应用广泛,但临床诊疗并未达成一致的共识,对临床诊疗的有效性和规范性造成了一定的限制。因此中国中医药研究促进会心身医学专业委员会组织全国范围内30余位心血管或心身医学领域专家制定心脏神经症中医诊疗专家共识,推荐心脏神经症对应中医病名为卑惵,其核心症状为心悸、心前区疼痛、胸闷、气短、失眠、心烦、抑郁、焦虑、恐惧、情绪难以控制等,其证候主要包括肝郁脾虚证、肝火扰心证、气滞血瘀证、痰火扰心证、心胆气虚证、心肝阴虚证。中医药治疗心脏神经症效果确切、不良反应少,明确辨证论治纲要后对临床诊疗有较高的指导作用。     

基本药物供给保障制度的国际经验和启示

新一轮的医疗卫生体制改革（以下简称“新医改”）已经起步，建立基本药物的供给保障体系成为新医改的战略目标之一。但是，究竟如何保障基本药物的有效供给和合理使用，有关备方却没有取得共识。目前，一个非常流行的思路是建立基本药物的行政化供应体系，即“定点生产、集中采购、统一配送、微利定价、合理使用”。尽管具体的实施细则（尤其是如何进行所谓的“定点生产”）尚不清楚，但是，在中国的背景下，这样的思路或政策建议很容易让人联想到过去计划经济时代的统购统销体系。