Radiation dose reduction during hysterosalpingography: an application of scanning-beam digital radiography

Hysterosalpingography was performed in 31 patients by means of a low-dose scanning-beam digital radiographic system. The technique permits adequate evaluation of gynecologic abnormalities while allowing significant reduction in radiation: 2.4-mR (6.1 X 10(-7) C/kg) exposure to the skin and 0.7-mrad (7 X 10(-6) Gy) mean dose to the ovaries per image obtained. Sixteen patients demonstrated readily recognizable and documented abnormalities, corroborated by laparoscopy, laparotomy, or other supportive evidence.     

Developmental regulation of annexin II (Lipocortin 2) in human brain and expression in high grade glioma.

In experiments to identify molecules that might be important in the pathogenesis of glioblastoma multiforme, the most common malignant brain tumor, we found that annexin II (Lipocortin 2, p36), a likely second messenger in several different mitogenic pathways, was highly expressed in tumor tissue of glioblastoma multiforme (9 of 9) and highly anaplastic astrocytoma (2 of 6), but not in astrocytomas of lower pathological grade (0 of 6). We also detected high levels of annexin II expression in fetal brain during the period when radial glia proliferate, although annexin II expression was not detected in normal adult brain. These data demonstrate that annexin II expression is developmentally regulated in the human central nervous system and suggest that the early progenitor radial glia share important characteristics with highly malignant glial tumors.     

Microbiologically proven bacterial infections in AIDS.

We have reviewed the incidence, type and site of microbiologically proven bacterial infection occurring in 52 patients with the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) who presented to Southmead Hospital, Bristol between 1990 and 1994. A total of 30 (58%) patients had significant bacterial isolates. The majority of infections were community acquired. Overall, more infections were caused by Gram-negative organisms but Gram-positive organisms predominated in bacteraemia. Mycobacterium avium intracellulare (MAI) caused infection in the largest number of patients, followed by Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus pneumoniae, Pseudomonas sp, and Campylobacter sp. When individual episodes of infection were considered, after MAI, Haemophilus influenzae, Streptococcus pneumoniae and Pseudomonas sp were the organisms most frequently isolated; often these same organisms caused recurrent chest infection. Bacterial infections in AIDS patients are common and although they generally respond well to antimicrobial chemotherapy there is a high recurrence rate, particularly in the respiratory tract, which is the commonest site of infection.