Knowledge, attitudes and practices about blood donation. A sociological study among the population of Lomé in Togo]

GOALS: 1) analyse the knowledge, attitudes and practices of Lome population about blood donation; 2) identify obstacles to blood donation among the population of Lome; 3) suggest some solutions to improve the performance of the National Blood Transfusion Centre (CNTS). METHODOLOGY: We have conducted a sample survey among the population of Lome from the 6th to 21st October 2003. Three hundred persons filled a questionnaire. RESULTS: In the sample, 183 (61%) were males. Their age ranged from 18 to 67 years with 2/3 of young peoples between 18 and 37 years. Pupils/students were 24,33%, wage-earners, 55% and the unemployed, 17,67%. More than the half of the investigated persons (54,67%) were unmarried and 96, 33% persons were literate. Nearly all the people (96,33%) knew about blood donation in Lome and they have received information mainly from friends, media and sensitization by the CNTS. Sixty-one percent of the investigated knew where blood is donated. All the investigated were unanimous about the vital role of blood. Whatever their religion, they recognized its sacred nature. The majority of the investigated (85%) were willing to donate blood. Only 95 people were donors. The reasons for non-donation were mainly related to the fear of catching diseases (31,71%) especially the HIV (9,76%), the lack of information (25,37%), the religious beliefs (19,51%) and the fear of knowing the result of one's HIV test. 277 people (92,33%) said that blood should be donated without remuneration. CONCLUSION: There is a growing interest in the blood donation among the population of Lome but new strategies must be elaborated to inform the population and motivate blood donors.     

Resolution of primary murine listeriosis and acquired resistance to lethal secondary infection can be mediated predominantly by Thy-1+ CD4- CD8- cells.

Mice depleted of CD4+, CD8+, Thy-1+ CD4- CD8-, or all three types of cells by appropriate monoclonal antibody treatment were tested for their ability to express resistance against a primary and secondary Listeria monocytogenes infection. It was found that mice depleted of CD8+, CD4+, or both of these subsets of T cells remained capable of controlling and then resolving both a primary infection and a secondary infection lethal for normal animals. In contrast, depleting mice of a population of Thy-1+ CD8- CD4- cells that remain after CD4+ and CD8+ T cells had been removed, rendered them incapable of resolving a sublethal primary infection or of expressing acquired immunity to a lethal secondary infection. The results point to the possibilities that Thy1+ CD4- CD8- alpha beta T cells, Thy1+ CD4- CD8- gamma delta T cells, Thy-1+ NK cells, or all three types of these host cells are involved in anti-L. monocytogenes resistance.     

Spatiomotor cueing in unilateral left neglect: three case studies of its therapeutic effects.

Limb activation contralateral to a cerebral lesion seems to reduce visual neglect, though whether this is due to perceptual cueing or hemispheric activation is controversial. Three case studies are presented which attempt to use this experimental finding therapeutically in the rehabilitation of unilateral left neglect. The first study used a combination of perceptual anchoring training with left arm activation procedures and produced improvements. The second used the same method, but stimulated left arm activation using an avoidance conditioning procedure, again with positive results. The third case treatment focused on cueing for left arm activation without explicit instructions for perceptual anchoring, with positive results.     

超声心动图定量犬冬眠心肌的方法学研究

目的:建立经胸小剂量多巴酚丁胺超声心动图激发试验(Dobu-UCG)评价犬冬眠心肌定量的方法学。材料和方法:成功建立冬眠心肌犬7条3～6个月后进行DoBu-UCG试验,测量Dobu-UCG后的心肌梗死区运动幅度(wall motion amplitude of area with myocardium infarction,MMI)和非梗死区心内膜运动幅度(wall mo-tion amplititude of areas with non myocardium infarction,MNMI)的比值(MMI/MNMI),以及试验后MMI/MNMI与试验前MMI/MNMI的差值(D值);并与实验后测量组织切片的冬眠心肌面积(the area oftotal alive myocardium,ATAM)和梗死区总面积(the area of total infarction myocardium,ATIM)的比值(ATAM/ATIM)进行比较。结果:Dobu-UCG激发试验后MMI/MNMI比值、D值分别与ATAM/ATIM进行对比分析,显示两者均高度相关(r=0.83～0.90,P分别为<0.05和<0.001)。结论:测量Dobu-UCG激发试验后MMI/MNMI比值,以及试验后、前MMI/MNMI差值(D)是定量梗死区内冬眠心肌的较好方法。     

高原地区部队医院谋求新发展应处理好七个关系

从高原部队医院实际出发,阐述了适应新形势谋求新发展应处理好的七个关系:即继承与创新的关系;坚持“姓军为兵的服务方向与对外有偿服务的关系;基础建设与人才建设的关系;日常医疗保障与科研的关系;发挥自身特色与学习借鉴的关系;硬件建设与软件建设的关系;科技研究与成果转化的关系。     

Opioid, 5-HT1A and alpha 2 receptors localized to subsets of guinea-pig myenteric neurons.

The expression of mu opioid, alpha 2 and 5-hydroxytryptamine1A (5-HT1A) receptors on guinea-pig myenteric neurons was determined using receptor selective agonists during intracellular recordings in vitro. Agonists known to hyperpolarize myenteric neurons by increasing potassium conductance were tested: noradrenaline and UK 14304 (alpha 2 agonists); 5-HT, 8-hydroxydipropylaminotetralin, 5-carboxamidotryptamine (5-HT1A agonists); normorphine, [Met5]-enkephalin and D-Ala2-Phe4, Gly-ol5 enkephalin (mu agonists). The alpha 2 agonists hyperpolarized 46/67 AH cells; mu agonists hyperpolarized 11/66 AH cells and 5-HT1A agonists inhibited 28/57 AH cells. Hyperpolarizations to both alpha 2 and mu agonists were observed in 11/59 AH cells; hyperpolarizations to both alpha 2 and 5-HT1A agonists were observed in 23/49 AH cells. Hyperpolarizations mediated at alpha 2 receptors were observed in 11/54 S neurons and mu agonists hyperpolarized 17/45 S cells. alpha 2 and mu receptors were localized together on 10/43 S cells tested with receptor selective agonists. 5-HT1A-mediated hyperpolarizations were not observed in 36 S cells. Presynaptic inhibition of fast excitatory post-synaptic potentials (fast e.p.s.p.s., S neurons) was observed in all cells tested with alpha 2 agonists (n = 32); in 14/23 cells tested with 5-HT1A agonists and in 8/22 cells tested with mu agonists. Both alpha 2 and 5-HT1A agonists inhibited fast e.p.s.p.s in 15/23 cells, while alpha 2 and mu agonists both inhibited the fast e.p.s.p. in 8/21 cells. Inhibition of fast e.p.s.p.s by mu and 5-HT1A agonists occurred together in 2/19 cells. Slow non-cholinergic e.p.s.p.s were inhibited by alpha 2 agonists in 19/19 cells and by 5-HT1A agonists in 19/21 cells. alpha 2- and 5-HT1A-mediated inhibition of slow e.p.s.p.s occurred together in 12/14 cells. These data allow AH neurons to be divided into two groups: those expressing alpha 2 and 5-HT1A receptors and those expressing alpha 2 and mu receptors. alpha 2 and mu receptors coexist on S neurons which do not express 5-HT1A receptors. Terminals that release acetylcholine express either alpha 2 and mu or alpha 2 and 5-HT1A receptors, consistent with the idea that they are provided by AH cells. Terminals that release mediators of the slow e.p.s.p. express primarily alpha 2 and 5-HT1A receptors.     

Implementing the Omaha classification system in a public health agency

Systemized nursing diagnosis based on standardized, coded terminology is in the early stages of evolution. The Waukesha Health Department has been a part of that evolutionary process. Introduction of the concept of nursing diagnosis led to the conclusion that for this agency a more systematic, community tested taxonomy was needed. The OCS was the system selected. The progress of the two systems, NANDA and OCS, appears to be evolving in parallel. No doubt, in the future one system will emerge as best for all fields of nursing. Meanwhile, the use of the OCS in practice settings serves the evolutionary process well by providing a foundation of trial and experience.     

凝血酶受体结构与功能的研究现状

凝血酶（ｔｈｒｏｍｉｂｉｎ，Ⅱａ）是一种生成于损伤处血管内皮细胞多功能蛋白酶，它是参与凝血过程各个环节反应中的关键酶。在发挥止血作用的同时，还可能诱导炎症、增生及修复等反应。最近发现的凝血酶受体（ｔｈｒｏｍｂｉｎ ｒｅｃｅｐｔｏｒ，ＴＲ）分子可能为解释上述现象提供了一个理论框架。同时，ＴＲＮ端被Ⅱａ切下的４１个氨基酸片段是否具有特殊功效，值得研究探讨。