Cholinergic modulation of striatal microcircuits

The purpose of this review is to bridge the gap between earlier literature on striatal cholinergic interneurons and mechanisms of microcircuit interaction demonstrated with the use of newly available tools. It is well known that the main source of the high level of acetylcholine in the striatum, compared to other brain regions, is the cholinergic interneurons. These interneurons provide an extensive local innervation that suggests they may be a key modulator of striatal microcircuits. Supporting this idea requires the consideration of functional properties of these interneurons, their influence on medium spiny neurons, other interneurons, and interactions with other synaptic regulators. Here, we underline the effects of intrastriatal and extrastriatal afferents onto cholinergic interneurons and discuss the activation of pre‐ and postsynaptic muscarinic and nicotinic receptors that participate in the modulation of intrastriatal neuronal interactions. We further address recent findings about corelease of other transmitters in cholinergic interneurons and actions of these interneurons in striosome and matrix compartments. In addition, we summarize recent evidence on acetylcholine‐mediated striatal synaptic plasticity and propose roles for cholinergic interneurons in normal striatal physiology. A short examination of their role in neurological disorders such as Parkinson's, Huntington's, and Tourette's pathologies and dystonia is also included.     

某院维吾尔族心胸外科手术患者医院感染发病率及影响因素

目的探讨某院维吾尔族心胸外科手术患者医院感染发病率及影响因素。方法回顾性查阅新疆喀什地区某医院心胸外科2010年6月-2014年6月收治的维吾尔族患者病历,记录相关临床资料,调查其术后医院感染发病率,并采用单因素及多因素logistic回归模型分析患者术后医院感染的影响因素。结果共收集779例维吾尔族患者资料,术后发生医院感染53例,医院感染发病率为6.80%。不同感染部位感染发病率由高至低依次为下呼吸道（2.44%）,消化道（1.28%）、泌尿道（1.16%）、上呼吸道（1.03%）和手术部位（0.51%）。多因素logistic回归分析结果显示,糖尿病史、 身体质量指数（BMI）≥30 kg/m2、手术时间≥160 min和侵入性操作是维吾尔族心胸外科手术患者医院感染的危险因素。结论该院维吾尔族心胸外科手术患者医院感染发病率较高,主要危险因素有糖尿病史、BMI高、手术时间长和侵入性操作。     

以血小板减少为主的艾滋病病例临床分析

目的探讨以血小板减少为主要临床表现的艾滋病(AIDS)患者的临床特点、治疗方法、随访情况及转归。方法 10例AIDS患者使用高效抗逆转录病毒治疗(依非韦伦/奈韦拉平+司他夫定+拉米夫定),观察CD4细胞计数和血小板计数改变情况。结果 10患者治疗后6个月,血小板计数由平均(31.3±18.7)×109/L上升至(138.0±76.0)×109/L;CD4细胞计数由平均的(170.1±82.9)个/μL上升至(319.9±173.6)个/μL,均有明显改善;无机会性感染及HIV相关的死亡事件出现。结论及时开展高效抗逆转录病毒治疗,可有效改善以血小板减少为主要表现的艾滋病患者的预后及转归。     

Transforming growth factor‐β1 in intrauterine adhesion

Intrauterine adhesion (IUA), led by trauma to the basal layer, can prevent the endometrium from growing, resulting in complications in females, such as infertility and amenorrhea. Transforming growth factor‐β1 (TGF‐β1) plays a crucial role in inducing and promoting the differentiation and proliferation of mesenchymal cells, in the secretion of extracellular matrix‐associated components, and is a major cytokine in initiating and terminating tissue repair downstream of the TGF‐β/Smad signaling pathway. Some evidence supports that TGF‐β1 is closely associated with the occurrence and development of IUA, and is regarded as an early risk factor of disease recurrence. Furthermore, the role of TGF‐β1 has been demonstrated to be potentially regulated by a variety of cytokines, hormones, enzymes, and microRNAs. This review provides an overview of the expression, function, and regulation of TGF‐β1 in IUA, with a brief discussion and perspectives on its future clinical implications on the diagnosis and treatment of IUA.     

臀围在筛查新疆喀什贫困地区维吾尔族妇女肥胖中的应用研究

目的 寻找简便易行的筛查肥胖的新指标.方法 以体质指数(BMI)作为肥胖的诊断标准,本研究将2 423名新疆喀什农村维吾尔族妇女的BMI指数与腰围、臀围、腰臀比、腰围身高比进行了比较.用方差分析、Pearson相关分析进行统计学描述,用ROC曲线寻找筛查肥胖的最佳测量学指标及其切点值.结果 (1)农村维族妇女的BMI为(24.8±3.7)kg/m2,超重率和肥胖率分别高达31.9％和18.5％,均高于汉族妇女的超重率(22.8％)和肥胖率(7.1％)(P＜0.05);腰围、腰臀比、腰围身高比超标率分别为31.4％、37.9％和57.0％.(2)年龄、BMI、腰围、臀围、腰臀比、腰围身高比之间的两两比较均呈正相关,而臀围与BMI相关性最高(相关系数r=0.82).教育程度分别与腰围、臀围、腰臀比、腰围身高比、BMI呈负相关,与人均日收入呈正相关.(3)臀围预测肥胖的AUC和YI值分别为0.953和0.813,均高于其它预测指标,肥胖者筛查切点值:臀围＞101.5 cm.结论 臀围、腰围身高比、腰围预测肥胖均有较好的初筛价值;臀围初筛超重、肥胖效果最佳(AUC、YI均最大).