Fingerprinting of Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serovar Enteritidis by ribotyping

Objective: To carry out an epidemiologic evaluation of Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serovar Enteritidis outbreaks in households and small communities by means of rRNA gene restriction pattern analysis (ribotyping).
Method: One hundred Enteritidis isolates dating from 1989 to 1994 which could be allocated epidemiologically to different sources or to small community outbreaks were investigated with ribotyping, a fingerprinting method in which bacterial DNA is hybridized with the biotin-labeled plasmid pKK 3535 containing a ribosomal RNA operon of Escherichia coli to determine the ribosomal RNA gene restriction patterns.
Results: Four different ribotyping patterns were found with the restriction endonuclease Sma I and nine with Sph I. Ribotypes of isolates which could be allocated epidemiologically to a common source usually corresponded. Almost 60% of the Enteritidis infections had the ribotyping pattern Sph I-A. In contrast, this pattern was not found in any of the five Enteritidis strains isolated in 1989. The suspicion that Enteritidis phage type 4 infections are caused by consumption of insufficiently heated eggs is supported by the fact that the ribotyping pattern Sph 1-A was found in isolates from eggs and from human specimens.
Conclusions: As patterns Sph I-A and Sma I-J appeared in 58% and 75% of the isolates, respectively, ribotyping cannot be used for the differentiation between various outbreaks with these two patterns. In cases where the Enteritidis strains showed less frequent patterns, ribotyping seems to be a practical tool for the identification of infection chains. In addition newly appearing ribotyping patterns can give information about the epidemiologic development of Enteritidis infection.     

Full-thickness tears of the rotator cuff of the shoulder: diagnosis with MR imaging.

The purpose of this study was to describe MR findings in full-thickness tears of the rotator cuff. Of 102 shoulders examined by MR imaging, 31 were found to have a full-thickness tendon tear at arthroscopy/bursoscopy (five shoulders) or open surgery (26 shoulders). All shoulders were imaged in oblique coronal and axial planes. MR images of the 102 shoulders were evaluated for (1) the presence of fluid in the subacromial and subdeltoid bursae; (2) abnormal signal of the supraspinatus, subscapularis, infraspinatus, and teres minor tendons; (3) interruption of tendon continuity and thinning of the tendon; and (4) proximal retraction of the junction of the muscle and tendon. The presence or absence of each finding was determined by consensus of two radiologists, who interpreted the images without knowledge of the surgical findings. Results in those 31 shoulders with proved full-thickness tears were: fluid in the subacromial bursae (29 shoulders), interruption of tendinous continuity (22 shoulders), focally increased signal of the tendon equivalent to that of water (27 shoulders), and musculotendinous retraction (24 shoulders). The finding of subacromial fluid was a sensitive indicator (93%) of a full-thickness tear, and interruption of tendinous continuity was a specific finding (96%) in diagnosing a full-thickness tear. Our experience shows interruption of tendon continuity is the most specific MR finding of full-thickness rotator cuff tears, while subacromial fluid is the most common finding.     

Acute and long-term efficacy of propafenone in patients with sustained ventricular tachyarrhythmias: assessment with programmed ventricular stimulation

To determine the electrophysiological properties of oral propafenone, 50 patients (39 male and 11 female, aged 31 to 80 years) with sustained ventricular tachycardia or ventricular fibrillation underwent serial electrophysiological drug testing, using propafenone (750 to 900 mg daily) as the anti-arrhythmic regimen of first choice. During baseline study, all patients had inducible sustained ventricular tachyarrhythmias. After oral loading of propafenone, 37 patients (74%) remained inducible whereas 13 were rendered non-inducible. Among the still inducible patients, the mean VT rate decreased from 223 +/- 38 b.min-1 (baseline) to 172 +/- 32 b.min +/- 1 (P less than 0.001). Four patients showed an increase of VT rate during propafenone compared to the VT rate at control. Non-inducible patients were discharged on propafenone. During a mean follow-up period of 20 +/- 15 months, there were three non-fatal VT recurrences among the responders, two of them due to non-compliance. Thus, propafenone used as the anti-arrhythmic agent of first choice among patients undergoing serial electrophysiological drug testing for ventricular tachyarrhythmias proved effective in suppressing VT induction in 26%. With regard to arrhythmic events, these patients have a favourable outcome.     

Current status of magnetic resonance imaging of the wrist.

Conventional imaging of the wrist has relied heavily on plain radiography, tomography, fluoroscopy and arthrography. More recently, computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) have been added to this armamentarium. In this article the authors review the normal anatomy of the wrist and demonstrate a variety of pathologic conditions that can be assessed with MRI, including avascular necrosis and tears of the intrinsic and the extrinsic ligaments and the triangular fibrocartilage. MRI of the wrist is still evolving rapidly, and its place in the work-up of wrist disorders is only now being defined.     

Effectiveness of various forms of therapy in chronic cardiovascular diseases--a vector analysis of the transition probabilities of degrees of severity

The present findings result from a check of probationers representative for approx. 280,000 inhabitants of defined territories, who had been designated as suspects of heart and vessel disease on grounds of X-ray-morphological criterions (classification by Richter). Those about 3,000 suspects, subdivided into 3 comparable patient groups A, B and C, underwent different regimes of treatment of outpatient medical practice after standardized and noninvasive diagnostics in a follow-up during 5 years and had been valued by means of a problem-specific grading. The comparative analysis about the distribution of severe degrees concerning hypertension and coronary heart disease after the conclusion of the intervention showed significant differences concerning the results of treatment to the credit of the patient group A (treated by specialists) contrary to the patient group B (treated by family doctors) and patient group C (principle of announcing the patients themselves). Also the patient group B showed significantly better results of therapy compared with the patient group C. In addition to the concluding rating the estimation of yearly transition of severe degrees gave an insight into the therapeutical decision of the person who looks after as well as the different distribution of severe degrees of special heart diseases in dependence on the starting severe degree in the special period of intervention conditioned on the therapy. The results gain exceptional importance for practice on the grounds of methodics of the study-automatable classification of dv-thorax-X-ray pictures, problem-specific grading of noninvasive, simple parameters, variants of therapy in dependence on the graduated system of medical care.     

Metastatic cervical carcinoma to the breast.

Metastatic disease to the breast is often an unexpected diagnosis in a female who presents with a breast mass. The most important factor suggesting the appropriate diagnosis is a history of cancer. Correlation of mammographic and ultrasonographic findings may also raise the possibility of a metastatic mass. A well-defined, noncalcified dense mass on film-screen mammography, which also shows low-level homogeneous echoes without posterior acoustic enhancement, suggests the diagnosis. It is important that the diagnosis be made by fine needle aspiration or excisional biopsy so as to expedite appropriate therapy.     

Alterations in cholinergic and non-cholinergic neurotransmitter receptor densities in transgenic Tg2576 mouse brain with beta-amyloid plaque pathology.

Cholinergic deficits in Alzheimer's disease are accompanied by a number of alterations in other transmitter systems including glutamate, noradrenaline and serotonin, suggesting the involvement also of other neurotransmitter systems in the pathogenesis of the disease. To address the question whether beta-amyloid may contribute to these deficits, brain tissue from transgenic Tg2576 mice with Alzheimer plaque pathology at ages of 5 (still no significant plaque load) and 17 months (moderate to high cortical beta-amyloid plaque load) were examined for a number of cholinergic and non-cholinergic markers. Transgenic mice with no significant plaque load demonstrated reduced hemicholinium-3 (HCh-3) binding to choline uptake sites in anterior brain regions as compared to non-transgenic littermates, while in aged transgenic mice with high number of plaque deposits decreased HCh-3 binding levels were accompanied by increased vesicular acetylcholine transporter binding in selected cortical brain regions. In aged transgenic mice GABA(A), NMDA, AMPA, kainate, and beta-adrenergic as well 5-HT(1A)- and 5-HT(2A)-receptor binding levels were hardly affected, whereas alpha(1)- and alpha(2)-adrenoceptor binding was increased in selected cerebral cortical regions as compared to non-transgenic littermates. The development of changes in both cholinergic and non-cholinergic markers in transgenic Tg2576 mouse brain already before the onset of progressive plaque deposition provides in vivo evidence of a modulatory role of soluble beta-amyloid on cortical neurotransmission and may be referred to the deficits in learning and memory observed in these mice also before significant plaque load.