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Inflammatory breast cancer (IBC) is a rare and aggressive breast cancer characterized by erythema and edema of at least one-third of the breast. The diagnosis remains a clinical one. Standard of care involves trimodality therapy with anthracycline-based neoadjuvant chemotherapy and human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2)-directed therapy if HER2 positive, followed by modified radical mastectomy and post-mastectomy radiation therapy to the chest wall in addition to regional nodal basins including supraclavicular and internal mammary nodes. Current evidence does not support de-escalation of surgical therapy in the breast and axilla in IBC, and positive surgical margins have been associated with worse outcomes. Furthermore, sentinel node biopsy for axillary staging has a high false negative rate prohibiting its use in IBC. Delayed reconstruction is recommended for IBC due to a high recurrence rate and a potential for delay in adjuvant therapy. Contralateral prophylactic mastectomy may be considered at the time of delayed reconstruction. In this paper, we discuss available evidence and controversies in the current surgical management of patients with IBC.
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COVID-19 is a global pandemic that has had a devastating effect on the health and economy of much of human civilization. While the acute impacts of COVID-19 were the initial focus of concern, it is becoming clear that in the wake of COVID-19, many patients are developing chronic symptoms that have been called Long-COVID. Some of the symptoms and signs include those of postural tachycardia syndrome (POTS). Understanding and managing long-COVID POTS will require a significant infusion of health care resources and a significant additional research investment. In this document from the American Autonomic Society, we outline the scope of the problem, and the resources and research needed to properly address the impact of Long-COVID POTS.
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