The rat brachial plexus and its terminal branches: An experimental model for the study of peripheral nerve regeneration

Despite the introduction of microsurgical techniques into clinical practice, the results of surgical procedures involving the brachial plexus and peripheral nerves are still far from spectacular. We therefore studied the rat brachial plexus and its terminal branches in 203 rats. Detailed anatomic and morphologic analyses of the biceps brachii and musculocutaneous nerve, finger flexors, flexor carpi radialis, and the median nerve were performed. Various sources of conventional and vascularized nerve grafts were explored. After musculocutaneous nerve section or median nerve section, there were no articular contractures or automutilations, which constitutes an advantage for these experimental models over the sciatic nerve model. The brachial plexus and its terminal branches provide a good experimental model which can be used to assess the development and normal control of muscle function, examine the mechanisms underlying functional recovery, and test the effects of treatments to enhance recovery. © 1995 Wiley-Liss, Inc.     

Cell-surface sialoglycoconjugate structures in wild-type and mutant Crithidia fasciculata

The cell-surface expression of sialoglycoconjugate structures in wild-type Crithidia fasciculata and its TFR^R1 drug-resistant mutant was analyzed with the aid of an influenza C virus strain, lectin, enzymatic treatment, and flow cytofluorimetry analysis probed with fluorescein isothiocyanate-labeled (FITC) lectins. 9-O-Acetyl-N-acetyl neuraminic acid (Neu5,9Ac₂) structures mediate influenza C virus cell-binding. The SAα2,3Gal and SAα2,6Gal sequences are specifically recognized by Maackia amurensis (MAA) and Sambucus nigra (SNA) lectins, respectively. On the basis of these param- eters the TFR^R1 mutant strain of C. fasciculata was found to contain exposed sialoglycoconjugates bearing Neu5,9Ac₂ surface structures. After the removal of sialic acid residues by neuraminidase activity the marked increases in PNA (peanut agglutinin)-mediated agglutinating activity showed that those acidic units on C. fasciculata cells were glycosidically linked to d-galactose. The bond involves SAα2,6Gal and SAα2,3Gal linkages as suggested by the use of FITC-SNA and FITC-MAA lectins, respectively. Both SAα2,3Gal and SAα2,6Gal sequences were preferentially expressed by the TFR^R1 mutant. The SAα2,6 linkage markedly predominated. In the TFR^R1 mutant, but not in wild-type cells, two distinct populations of cells were distinguished by reactivity with FITC-SNA, one of which was enriched with surface SAα2,6Gal sequences. These diverse findings suggest that sialoglycoconjugate structures present on the flagellate surface may be associated with mutation and the cell growth cycle in C. fasciculata. Received: 17 September 1998 / Accepted: 22 October 1998     

Interpregnancy Interval and Birth Outcomes: A Propensity Matching Study in the California Population

Maternal and Child Health Journal - Previous studies that used traditional multivariable and sibling matched analyses to investigate interpregnancy interval (IPI) and birth outcomes have reached...     

Pig kidney xenotransplantation: Progress toward clinical trials

Pig organ xenotransplantation offers a solution to the shortage of deceased human organs for transplantation. The pathobiological response to a pig xenograft is complex, involving antibody, complement, coagulation, inflammatory, and cellular responses. To overcome these barriers, genetic manipulation of the organ‐source pigs has largely been directed to two major aims—(a) deletion of expression of the known carbohydrate xenoantigens against which humans have natural (preformed) antibodies, and (b) transgenic expression of human protective proteins, for example, complement‐ and coagulation‐regulatory proteins. Conventional (FDA‐approved) immunosuppressive therapy is unsuccessful in preventing an adaptive immune response to pig cells, but blockade of the CD40:CD154 costimulation pathway is successful. Survival of genetically engineered pig kidneys in immunosuppressed nonhuman primates can now be measured in months. Non‐immunological aspects, for example, pig renal function, a hypovolemia syndrome, and rapid growth of the pig kidney after transplantation, are briefly discussed. We suggest that patients on the wait‐list for a deceased human kidney graft who are unlikely to receive one due to long waiting times are those for whom kidney xenotransplantation might first be considered. The potential risk of infection, public attitudes to xenotransplantation, and ethical, regulatory, and financial aspects are briefly addressed.     

Pretransplant solid organ malignancy and organ transplant candidacy: A consensus expert opinion statement

Patients undergoing evaluation for solid organ transplantation (SOT) often have a history of malignancy. Although the cancer has been treated in these patients, the benefits of transplantation need to be balanced against the risk of tumor recurrence, especially in the setting of immunosuppression. Prior guidelines of when to transplant patients with a prior treated malignancy do not take in to account current staging, disease biology, or advances in cancer treatments. To develop contemporary recommendations, the American Society of Transplantation held a consensus workshop to perform a comprehensive review of current literature regarding cancer therapies, cancer stage-specific prognosis, the kinetics of cancer recurrence, and the limited data on the effects of immunosuppression on cancer-specific outcomes. This document contains prognosis based on contemporary treatment and transplant recommendations for breast, colorectal, anal, urological, gynecological, and nonsmall cell lung cancers. This conference and consensus documents aim to provide recommendations to assist in the evaluation of patients for SOT given a history of a pretransplant malignancy.     

Primary cutaneous Ewing sarcoma - Case report

Ewing sarcoma is a primitive neuroectodermal tumor rarely occurs in the skin and sobcutaneous tissues. Generally Ewing''s sarcoma is a primary bone tumor, but when present in soft tissues it characterizes an extremely uncommon clinical picture. It usually involves the deep subcutaneous tissue or muscles, and more rarely occurs like a primary skin cancer. Most patients are white, women, and in the second decade of life. The clinical features are a superficial mass, in average measuring 2-3 cm, of soft consistency, freely mobile and sometimes painful. The more affected locations are upper and lower extremities, trunk, head, neck or multiple lesions. The presence of metastases is very rare.     

The C5 root dermatome enlarges and modulates hand pain in total brachial plexus palsy

Hand pain is a major complaint in 80% of the patients with complete brachial plexus palsy; and, in 80% of these patients, the C5 root is ruptured and the C6‐T1 roots avulsed from the spinal cord. It has been suggested that pain in brachial plexus injuries may not arise from avulsed roots, but rather from ruptured roots. Traditionally the C5 root dermatome does not extend to the hand. We have hypothesized that in total lesions of the brachial plexus the C5 root dermatome expands, reaching the hand. In 20 patients with confirmed C5 root rupture and C6‐T1 root avulsion, we investigated the distribution of C5 root paresthesia six to eight weeks after grafting. After cervical percussion in search of Tinel's sign, maps related to reported paresthesia were drawn on the affected limb. We observed that paresthesia following C5 root percussion reached the hands and fingers, dermatomes linked to the C6 and C8 roots. Immediately after percussion, for a few seconds, 14 patients who complained of pain during examination reported the augmentation of numbness and pain resolution. After brachial plexus injury, the C5 root dermatome expands and modulates hand pain. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microsurgery 34:292–295, 2014.