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There is growing interest in the phenomenon of long-term depression (LTD) of synaptic efficacy that, together with long-term potentiation (LTP), is a putative information storage mechanism in mammalian brain. In neural network models, multiple learning rules have been used for LTD induction. Similarly, in neurophysiological studies of hippocampal synaptic plasticity, a variety of activity patterns have been effective at inducing LTD, although experimental paradigms are still being optimized. In this review the authors summarize the major experimental paradigms and compare what is known about the mechanisms of LTD induction. Although all paradigms appear to initiate a cascade of events leading to an elevated level of Ca2+ postsynaptically, the extent to which these paradigms involve common expression mechanisms has not yet been tested. The authors discuss several critical experiments that would address this latter issue. Numerous questions about the properties and mechanisms of LTD(s) in the hippocampus remain to be answered, but it is clear that LTD has finally arrived, and will soon be attracting attention equal to its flip side, LTP. © 1994 Wiley-Liss, Inc. 相似文献
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Christie AB 《Postgraduate medical journal》1949,25(287):409-412
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Summary Patients with insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM) possess antibodies to the cytoplasmic domains of two closely related
tyrosine phosphatase-like proteins, IA-2 and phogrin, previously detected as 40 kDa and 37 kDa tryptic fragments, respectively.
A higher proportion of IDDM patients possess antibodies to IA-2 than to phogrin, and autoimmunity to phogrin might arise through
cross-reactivity with the highly homologous IA-2. In this study, we have investigated the major regions of IA-2 recognized
by antibodies in IDDM patients and examined the ability of phogrin to block antibody binding to these regions as a measure
of cross-reactivity. Analysis of antibody binding to in vitro transcribed and translated polypeptides representing different
regions of the cytoplasmic domain of IA-2 identified five different patterns of reactivity with antibodies in IDDM. Protein
footprinting analysis, whereby polypeptide fragments generated on protease treatment of immune complexes are studied, indicated
considerable heterogeneity in antibody recognition of IA-2, even between sera with similar reactivity to deletion mutants.
Blocking studies with recombinant phogrin indicated that IA-2 antibodies recognize epitopes that are both unique to IA-2 and
shared with phogrin. The amino-terminal 150 amino acids of the cytoplasmic domain of IA-2 encompass epitopes that are not
represented on phogrin, whereas shared epitopes are localized within the carboxy-terminal 220 amino acids. The results demonstrate
considerable heterogeneity between IDDM patients in autoantibody recognition of IA-2 in IDDM, whereas antibody recognition
of phogrin is restricted in most patients to epitopes also present on IA-2. [Diabetologia (1997) 40: 1327–1333]
Received: 4 April 1997 and in revised form: 2 July 1997 相似文献
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C M Court-Brown J Christie M M McQueen 《The Journal of bone and joint surgery. British volume》1990,72(4):605-611
We present the results of using the Grosse-Kempf interlocking nail in the management of 125 closed and type I open tibial fractures. The mean time to union was 16.7 weeks and no fracture required bone grafting. Mobilisation of the patient and the range of joint movement were better than with other methods of treating tibial fractures. There was a 1.6% incidence of infection; 40.8% of patients had knee pain and 26.4% needed to have the nail removed. Other complaints were minor. We suggest that closed intramedullary nailing with an interlocking nail system is an excellent method of treating closed and type I open tibial fractures. 相似文献
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Ten thrombocytopenic patients (platelets < 10–24 × 10(9)/L) who were refractory to platelet transfusion were investigated for their responsiveness to staphylococcal protein A column therapy. Nine patients had previously been treated with steroids, intravenous immune globulin, and/or other forms of immunosuppressive therapy without improvement in their transfusion response. All patients were receiving multiple platelet transfusions without achieving 1-hour corrected count increments (CCIs) > or = 7500. Eight patients had antibodies that reacted with platelets and were directed against HLA class I antigens, ABO antigens, and/or platelet-specific alloantigens. Plasma (500-2000 mL) from each patient was passed over a protein A silica gel column and then returned to the patient. Patients received from 1 to 14 treatments. A positive response to protein A therapy was defined as at least a doubling of the pretreatment platelet count and/or two successive 10- to 120-minute posttransfusion CCIs > or = 7500. Following plasma treatments, 6 of 10 patients responded with daily platelet counts that averaged 48 +/− 11 × 10(9) per L as compared with counts of 16 +/− 7 × 10(9) per L (p < 0.0005) before treatment. Posttransfusion CCI values determined in four of these patients averaged 2480 +/− 810 and 10,010 +/− 3540 (p < 0.005) before and after treatment, respectively. In contrast, among the four unresponsive patients, platelet counts averaged 10 +/− 9 and 13 +/− 10 × 10(9) per L (p = NS), respectively, while posttransfusion CCIs were 700 +/− 1410 and 1520 +/− 2460 (p = NS), respectively.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) 相似文献
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Werner Christie 《中国医疗前沿》2007,(1):11
挪威是一个实行市场经济的国家,我们选择了这样的体系是因为它能够有效地解决很多——但不是全部——生产、货物流通以及服务的竞争问题。在发展一个国际化的市场体系的同时,挪威也发展了强大的公共机构和公共服务。一个有效的市场并不意味着我们就不需要公共部门,或者像有些流行观念所认为的,任何公共服务都应该私有化。其实,一个市场是需要严格的监管,需要与公共组织相配合才能良好地运转,而且需要一个广泛覆盖并且有效的公共部门,来补充提供那些市场无法有效而让人满意地提供的服务,比如教育、医疗和环境保护等。但是,这些公共服务不能由… 相似文献